دانشگاه اراک سلول و بافت 2228-7035 مقالات آماده انتشار 2026 03 21 Examining the expression changes of BAX, Caspase 9, Caspase-3, miR-34a in pancreatic cancer cells of PANC-1 cell line treated with silver nanoparticles synthesized by wormwood plant (Artemisia absinthium) بررسی تغییرات بیان BAX، Caspase 9، Caspase-3، miR-34a در سلول های سرطانی پانکراس رده PANC-1 تیمار شده با نانوذرات نقره سنتز شده توسط گیاه افسنطین (Artemisia absinthium) 1 16 735070 10.61882/jct.2026.2076231.2117 FA سید مرتضی مرتضوی گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران 0009-0001-2292-1172 خدیجه نژاد شاهرخ آبادی گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران 0000-0002-3536-3456 جواد بهارآرا گروه زیست شناسی و مرکز تحقیقات بیولوژی کاربردی تکوین جانوری، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران 0000-0001-9728-2945 مریم لطفی گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران 0009-0003-1443-6067 Journal Article 2025 11 05 Introduction: Concerns about fossil energy costs, environmental deterioration, and energy security has created strong motivation for the research and development of routes to provide sustainable and renewable fuels. In recent years, the use of biomass to produce highly valued chemicals has attracted widespread attention. Lignocellulosic biomass, as a promising renewable resource for biofuel production, has distinct advantages in terms of economic and environmental benefits. The conversion of renewable raw materials to hydrocarbon fuels is an attractive alternative to fossil fuels from economic and environmental perspectives. The production process of lignocellulosic biomass mainly consists of biomass accumulation, biomass decomposition, simple sugars, and conversion of sugars to biofuel. One of the crucial steps for the economic success of lignocellulosic biofuels depends on the inhibition of competitive metabolism in microorganisms to achieve high productivity. To date, there has been a growing focus on the use of S. cerevisiae and E. coli as cell lines. These two cellular factories have well known advantages. They are genetically transmissible and several tools are available for genetic manipulation. In order to produce xylonate, the engineered xylose is first converted by a dehydrogenase into the intermediate xylonolactone, which is then slowly converted to xylonate in a nonenzymatic reaction. Aim: The organic compound D-1,2,4-Butanetriol (BT) is a valuable chemical with wide-ranging applications in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, paper, polymer materials, and military applications. However, the chemical synthesis routes for BT have many drawbacks. By genetically modifying microorganisms, the metabolic pathway for producing many substances, including BT, can be engineered. When D-xylose is supplied to the bacterium, it is first converted into an intermediate compound called xylonolactone. This compound slowly converts into xylonate through a non-enzymatic reaction. To produce xylonate, the engineered bacteria receive xylose, which is initially converted by a dehydrogenase reaction catalysed by the xylose dehydrogenase enzyme into an intermediate compound, xylonolactone. Xylonolactone is slowly converted to xylonate in a nonenzymatic reaction. Xylonate is a five-carbon organic acid. Over the past few years, xylonate has increasingly been considered as an important chemical due to its potential as an important chemical component. Xylonate has many applications in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Specifically, xylonate can act as a precursor for the synthesis of D-1,2,4-Butanetriol and as a concrete water reducing agent. E. coli was chosen as the target strain for genetic and metabolic engineering due to its fast growth in inexpensive culture media, the presence of two enzymes for BT synthesis, and product formation in less than 24 hours of fermentation. This study aimed to clone and express xylose dehydrogenase from Caulobacter vibrioides in E.coli. Materials and Methods: At first, to access the bacterial gene sequence, the genome of the target bacterium was extracted. Then, to create a strain expressing the enzymes xylose dehydrogenase and xylonolactonase, the genes for these proteins were amplified from Caulobacter vibrioides CB1 and transferred into E. coli. For this purpose, the target genes were amplified using specifically designed primers via the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method and initially cloned into a pTZ57cloning vector and then subcloned into pET 26b expression vector. At the final step, the expression of the enzyme was assessed by SDS-PAGE, and the other confirmation was the reduction of NAD+ to NADH, which was used as an activity indicator of the enzyme, as investigated by a change in NADH absorbance at 340 nm. Results: Confirmatory tests were performed to ensure the presence of the gene in the vectors (using restriction enzymes and colony PCR for gene amplification). The expression and activity of the enzyme were analyzed. The recombinant protein's presence was confirmed by SDS-PAGE for the xylose dehydrogenase gene, with a molecular weight of 52.2 kDa. The estimated expression level of the recombinant protein was approximately 25%. Conclusion: The objective of this research was solely to establish the metabolic pathway for xylonate production in E. coli by surface expression of enzymes in this pathway (xylose dehydrogenase). The results obtained in this study confirm that half of the pathway is active at the cell surface, but further experiments are required to determine the precise production levels and complete the pathway. هدف: سرطان پانکراس چهارمین سرطان کشنده است و معمولاً دیر و در مراحل پیشرفته تشخیص داده می‌شود. نانوپزشکی با طراحی ذرات در ابعاد مولکولی، راهکارهای نوینی برای مقابله با این بیماری ارائه می‌دهد. نانوذرات نقره به دلیل خواص منحصر به فردشان، به عنوان ابزاری امیدوارکننده برای درمان هدفمند سرطان مورد بررسی قرار گرفته‌اند. مواد و روش‏ها: در این مطالعه، نانوذرات نقره به روش سبز با استفاده از گیاه افسنطین سنتز و سپس با تکنیک‌های UV-VIS, DLS, XRD, TEM و FT-IR مشخص‌یابی شدند. در ادامه، اثرات سیتوتوکسیسیته و القای آپوپتوز این نانوذرات به ترتیب با آزمون MTT و رنگ‌آمیزی Annexin V مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت و مکانیسم عمل در سطح مولکولی نیز از طریق بررسی بیان ژن‌های مرتبط تحلیل شد. نتایج: بر اساس نتایج حاصل از آزمون MTT، نانوذرات سنتز شده دارای اثر سمیت وابسته به غلظت بر روی رده سلولی سرطانی PANC-1 بودند که میزان IC50 آن ۳۰ میکروگرم بر میلی‌لیتر محاسبه گردید. تأیید مکانیسم مرگ سلولی از طریق رنگ‌آمیزی Annexin V و بررسی بیان ژن‌های مرتبط انجام پذیرفت که همگی وقوع آپوپتوز را به عنوان مکانیسم اصلی مرگ سلولی تأیید کردند. نتیجه‏گیری : بر اساس یافته های این مطالعه نانوذرات نقره ، اثربخشی ضدسرطانی قابل توجهی در برابر سلول‌های سرطان پانکراس (PANC-1) نشان دادند. نتایج نشان داد که سمیت سلولی عمدتاً از طریق فعال‌سازی مسیر آپوپتوز انجام می‌شود و این نانوذرات را به عنوان گزینه‌ای امیدوارکننده برای درمان سرطان پانکراس تثبیت می‌کند.

https://jct.araku.ac.ir/article_735070_2499c7faf35417fdb698d2b72c7ebd8d.pdf