Cell and Tissue Journal

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different treatments of growth regulators on the amount of shooting, rooting, callus production and plant regeneration of hairless catmint (Nepeta nuda), in vitro condition.
Material and Methods: The seeds of this plant were cultured in MS/2, and then the plantlets were sub-cultured. The obtained samples were cultured in different levels of BA and Kinetin, either alone or in combination with IBA. Leaves of explants were used for callus induction with BA and NAA treatments in both medium (light and dark). Also, for regeneration, the same calluses were used with BA and NAA treatments.
Results: The results of this study showed that, in proliferation part, the highest fresh weight (2315.9 mg) and shoot number (15.22 per each bush) of each plantlet were obtained in 1 mgL-1 BA and 0.25 mgL-1 IBA. Moreover, the BA treatment with 2 mgL-1 concentration cause to produce the longest branches (50.5 cm) and the highest number of nodes (53.6 per plantlet) in each plantlet.
The highest length, number and percentage of root were obtained at MS/2 medium and 0.5 mgL-1 IBA. In callus formation part, the highest fresh weight of callus was related to application of 1 mgL-1 BA with 0.5 mgL-1 NAA. In addition, the highest percentage of callus formation was observed in dark medium and no significant differences were observed between the growth regulator treatments. Furthermore, the highest percentage of regeneration of callus related to both growth regulators treatments included 1 mgL-1  BA with 0.2 mgL-1 NAA (83.2 %) and 1 mgL-1  BA with 0.5 mgL-1 NAA (81.66 %) with no significant differences between them.
Conclusion: In total, the most useful growth regulator compound for micro-propagation of hairless catmint, which is endangered extinction species, were 1 mgL-1 BA with 0.5 mgL-1 IBA and NAA.

Abstract Aim: Plant production from tissue culture is of high importance from genetic engineering point of view, so in this study, optimization of tissue culture conditions for callus production and plant regeneration of Salsola arbuscula were examined. Material and Methods: Seeds were planted MS medium and after two months, roots, stems (internodes) and leaves explants were transferred to the MS medium with different concentration of 2,4-D and Kinetin hormones for production callus. Plant regeneration was also examined on the various media. Results: Results showed that the best medium to induce callus production were medium of MS + 2,4-D (1 mg/L) + Kin(1 mg/L) and the best explants were roots. So, direct shoot regeneration produced in the medium MS + Kin(1 mg/l) and MS + Kin (0.5 mg/L). Conclusion: Despite production of callus on medium containing only 2,4-D, combined two hormones, auxin and cytokinin, increased the rate of callus production. Also direct shoot regeneration has occurred in medium without auxin. So, production rate of callus and plant regeneration are dependent on amount of external plant growth regulators, and also, amount of external plant growth regulators significantly dependent to genotype and amount of internal plant hormones.

Abstract Aim: Alyssum inflatum is an endemic of serpentine soils from western Iran and hypeaccumulates Ni. In this study, to investigate the mechanisms involved in the tolerance of high concentrations of Ni, a callus culture method was used to have a system with lower complexities in organ and tissue organization in compare to a whole plant.
Material and methods: Calli were proliferated on MS medium containing of 1.5 and 0.1mg/l 2,4-D and kinetin respectively, treated by different concentrations of Ni(0,100, 200,300,400, 500 and 600)in light and dark conditions and different tolerance parameters including of growth, chlorophyll content and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were measured.
Results: The results showed that light both stimulates growth and higher Ni tolerance in calli. Among the other measured parameters, a positive relation was observed between increased tolerance and activity of catalyses while in that condition there were no increased activities in superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxides.
Conclusion: Tissue culture methods could be used for study the tolerance of plants, avoiding of tissue and organ complexities. Conclusions from the current study based on the increment of tolerance observed at light, suggest the effect of cell differentiation on tolerance. The results of such simple systems could be reasonably extended to the whole plant.
 

Abstract Aim: Artemisinin, an outstanding cumpound in genus Artemisia, is the most important anti malaria medicine. Therefore, plant cell culture of Artemisia aucheri Bioss was established and production of artemisinin was studied on plant, callus, and cell suspension culture.
Material and Methods: Artemisia aucheri aerial parts and seeds were obtained. Seedling was prepared and transferred on solid MS medium containing different growth regulators and callus was established. Fresh callus was transferred to liquid MS medium and suspension culture was obtained. For detection of artemisinin, the dichloromethanolic extract of callus, suspension and seeds of the plant was analysed by TLC and GC methods. Biotransformation was studied by feeding cholesterol, bisabolol and artemisia ketone to suspension culture.
Results: MS medium supplemented with kinetin (0.5 mg/l), 2, 4-D (0.5 mg/l), NAA (1 mg/l) and BA (0.25 mg/l), NAA (0.05 mg/l) was suitable for establishment of callus. Light showed positive effect on calli growth. No artemisinin was detected on plant aerial part. It seems, however, that callus and suspension culture of A. aucheri produced artemisinin. Also, Cholesterol, bisabolol and artemisinin keton feeding did not influence artemisinin production. Therefore, it seems these precursors are not proper for biotransformation experiments. 
Conclusion: Despite of undetected artemisinin in aerial parts of the A. aucheri, the production of artemisinin using new methods such as in vitro culture of A. aucheri is a promising result.