Cell and Tissue Journal

Abstract Introduction: Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDENs) are nano-sized vesicles released by plant cells. They contain a lipid bilayer membrane and carry bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and secondary metabolites. Due to their low toxicity and natural drug delivery potential, they have gained attention for therapeutic applications. Plant extracts are also rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids with known antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. The rising problem of antibiotic resistance in pathogens like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes has created an urgent need for new natural agents.
Aim: This study aimed to isolate and characterize exosomes from ginger, lavender, onion, and lemon, and to compare their antioxidant and antibacterial activities with those of aqueous extracts from the same plants.
Materials and methods: Fresh ginger, lavender, onion, and lemon were used for the preparation of plant extracts and exosome isolation. For aqueous extraction, 2 g of ginger and lavender samples were homogenized with 20 mL of distilled water and incubated in a water bath at 70°C for 90 minutes. The mixtures were centrifuged at 3000 × g for 10 minutes, and the supernatants were filtered and stored at 4°C until analysis. Exosomes were isolated using the Exosun Exosome Isolation Kit (EXOSUN Company). Plant materials were homogenized, filtered, and subjected to differential centrifugation. The resulting supernatants were processed according to the manufacturer's instructions using buffers A and B. Due to the acidic nature of lemon juice, modification of the protocol was required by increasing the concentration of buffer A to facilitate exosome precipitation. Protein concentration of isolated exosomes was determined using the Bradford assay with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the standard. Exosome morphology was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antioxidant activity of extracts and exosomes was evaluated using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. Samples were analyzed in 96-well microplates, and absorbance was measured at 570 nm. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes using the disk diffusion method. Sterile blank disks were impregnated with plant extracts or exosome preparations at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL and placed on Mueller-Hinton agar plates inoculated with bacterial suspensions adjusted to a 0.5 McFarland standard. Gentamicin and vancomycin served as positive controls. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined using the broth microdilution method in 96-well microplates. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 27, applying one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, with p <0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results: TEM confirmed successful isolation of exosome-like vesicles from all plants. Bradford assay indicated protein-containing nanoparticles. FRAP analysis showed that lavender had the highest antioxidant capacity. Plant extracts generally showed greater antioxidant activity than their corresponding exosomes. Antibacterial testing revealed that exosomes from all four plants had no detectable antibacterial effect. Similarly, aqueous extracts of ginger, lavender, and onion showed no inhibition. However, lemon extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all three bacteria. MIC values of lemon extract were 3.12 mg/mL for S. aureus, 6.25 mg/mL for S. pyogenes, and 50 mg/mL for E. coli. Inhibition zones for S. aureus reached 22 mm at 100 mg/mL. Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-negative E. coli.
Discussion:The spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has increased the need for new treatments. In this study, exosomes isolated from ginger, lavender, onion, and lemon showed no antibacterial activity, while among aqueous extracts, only lemon extract displayed good antibacterial properties. The lack of activity in aqueous lavender extract compared to alcoholic extracts in previous reports may be due to solvent differences affecting phenolic compound extraction. Aqueous ginger extract also showed no effect, which contrasts with some alcoholic extracts. However, lavender exosomes demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacity among all samples, highlighting their potential for antioxidant applications.
Conclusion: Although plant-derived exosomes from these four species did not show antibacterial effects under the tested conditions, lemon aqueous extract exhibited promising antimicrobial activity, especially against Gram-positive bacteria. Lavender exosomes showed the strongest antioxidant potential. These findings suggest that lemon extract could serve as a natural antibacterial agent, while lavender-derived exosomes and extracts may be valuable sources of natural antioxidants. Further in vivo studies are needed to explore their efficacy and safety.

Abstract Introduction: Oxidative stress exerts destructive effects on sperm cells, leading to sperm dysfunction and male infertility. It occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the cell's antioxidant defense system. ROS are free radicals and peroxides that can damage cells. They can harm the sperm cell membrane, which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, through lipid peroxidation, impairing sperm membrane fluidity. This affects motility and the sperm's ability to fuse with the egg. Additionally, ROS can directly damage sperm DNA, leading to DNA fragmentation and other abnormalities. Oxidative stress can also impair sperm motility by disrupting energy production in the mitochondria. Severe oxidative stress may result in sperm cell death (apoptosis or necrosis), reducing sperm viability. These negative effects ultimately decrease the chances of successful fertilization and a healthy pregnancy.
Cadmium, a pervasive environmental and industrial pollutant, induces significant toxic effects on human health, particularly on the male reproductive system. It is both a naturally occurring element and a widespread environmental pollutant generated from various industrial and agricultural activities. Its presence in soil, water, air, and food exert risks on human health. Exposure to cadmium is strongly linked to increased oxidative stress, which damages cellular components such as lipids, proteins, and DNA within sperm cells. This oxidative damage can lead to impairments in critical sperm parameters, including motility, viability, morphology, and DNA integrity, thereby compromising fertilization potential and contributing to male infertility. The severity of these effects underscores the need for effective strategies to mitigate cadmium-induced sperm damage.
Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a naturally occurring organosulfur compound, is produced in the body, obtained through dietary sources, and taken as a supplement or medication. ALA is a potent antioxidant with the unique ability to function in both aqueous and lipid environments. This versatility allows ALA to scavenge a wide range of free radicals and ROS, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage. Furthermore, ALA can regenerate other endogenous antioxidants, such as glutathione, further amplifying its protective effects. Given ALA’s well-documented antioxidant properties and its potential to mitigate oxidative stress, this study aims to investigate its protective effects on human sperm exposed to cadmium.
Aim: This research will explore the extent to which ALA can counteract the detrimental effects of cadmium-induced oxidative stress on vital sperm parameters. By evaluating the impact of ALA supplementation on sperm motility, viability, morphology, and DNA integrity in the presence of cadmium, this study seeks to determine the potential therapeutic role of ALA in preserving sperm function and improving male fertility outcomes. The results of this investigation will provide valuable insights into the efficacy of ALA as a protective agent against cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity and contribute to the development of strategies for mitigating the harmful effects of environmental pollutants on male reproductive health.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, human sperm samples were divided into five groups: 1) spermatozoa at 0 hours, 2) spermatozoa at 180 minutes (control group), 3) spermatozoa treated with cadmium chloride (10 μM) for 180 minutes, 4) spermatozoa treated with ALA (50 μM) + cadmium chloride (10 μM) for 180 minutes and 5) spermatozoa treated with ALA (50 μM) for 180 minutes.
Vital sperm parameters, including motility, viability, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and DNA fragmentation, as well as oxidative stress indices (total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation), were examined in different groups. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Means with p

Abstract Aim: Organotypic cultures of spinal cord slices from mammalian neonatal and fetal animals are powerful tools for studies of spinal cord injury, neuronal degeneration, and cell death but also motor neuron regeneration. Models in which adult slices are used would be very useful. However, adult spinal cord slices are notoriously difficult to maintain in culture and rapidly deteriorate in vitro. Degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord is a critical phenomenon in spinal cord injuries and certain neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disorder in which motor neurons in the spinal cord and motor cortex are lost. A variety of mechanisms have been proposed as having a role in neuronal apoptosis during spinal cord injury. Oxidative stress has been reported as one of the mechanisms involved in the apoptosis of motor neurons in spinal cord injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. This study was conducted to determine whether quercetin, as a potent antioxidant, can delay apoptosis in motor neurons of cultured spinal cords by reducing oxidative stress.
 Material and methods: The thoracic regions of the spinal cord from adult NMRI mice were sliced using a tissue chopper and divided into three groups: 1) 0-hour, 2) control group, and 3) group treated with quercetin (100 µM). Spinal cord slices in the 2 and 3 groups were incubated for 6 hours at 37°C in a Co₂ incubator. The viability of the spinal cord slices was measured using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The morphological features of apoptosis and the number of motor neurons were examined using Hoechst and propidium iodide staining. The malondialdehyde was measured to determine lipid peroxidation while the FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) was assessed to evaluate total antioxidant capacity in fresh and cultured spinal cord slices. Results were expressed as mean±SD. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tucky’s test was used to assess the statistical significances of the data. In all cases, a statistical probability of p<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: After 6 hours (control group) in culture, the viability of the spinal cord slices, the neuron diameter, and the number of healthy motor neurons significantly decreased compared to the 0-hour group. Also, motor neurons showed the morphological features of apoptosis including cell shrinkage, nuclear and chromatin condensation in the control group. A significant increase in the amount of malondialdehyde and a significant decrease in the total antioxidant capacity was also observed compared with the 0-hour group. After 6 hours, quercetin not only increased the viability and the number of healthy motor neurons in the cultured slices but also reduced the morphological features of apoptosis in the motor neurons compared with the control group. In addition, quercetin significantly reduced the amount of malondialdehyde and increased the total antioxidant power in slices cultured for 6 hours.
Conclusion: Oxidative stress might be considered as one of the mechanisms involved in the apoptosis of motor neurons in cultured spinal cord slices and quercetin, as a potent antioxidant, was able to increase the viability of the cultured spinal cord slices and delay the morphological features of apoptosis in the motor neurons through reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing the total antioxidant capacity.

Abstract Aim: Addiction is an important social and health problem in many Middle Eastern countries. Studies show that opium is the most commonly used substance after tobacco in many countries, especially in Iran. Opium is obtained from the seeds of the Papaver somniferum plant and contains more than 40 different alkaloids, the most important of which are morphine, codeine, papaverine, noscapine, and thebaine. Various studies show that morphine, which is one of the most important substances in opium, increases the production of free radicals in the body and reduces the antioxidant capacity. Opium consumption has various adverse health effects on the body. Therefore, long-term use of this combination can be related to some pathological consequences, including neurological disorders, liver toxicity, kidney dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Most drugs are metabolized by liver hepatocytes and excreted by kidney cells. Therefore, opium consumption can directly cause damage to liver cells. Free radicals play an important role in liver diseases. The increase of free radicals and on the other hand the decrease of antioxidants in the body caused liver toxicity. Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of free radicals and their neutralization inside the body by antioxidant defense mechanisms. Oxidative stress is produced in various diseases, consumption of toxic substances, and old age, since it is not possible to investigate the effect of opium on human liver cells, and no study has been conducted in this field. The liver is the most important organ that is directly responsible for the metabolism and excretion of opium. Therefore, in this study, the effects of opium on oxidative stress markers in HepG2 cell line were determined.
Material and methods: Human liver cancer cell lines (HepG2) were used in this experimental study. At first, the cell line was placed in a 25 ml flask in the culture medium. DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) containing 10% FBS (Fetal bovine serum), and 1% penicillin and streptomycin antibiotics were incubated in a 37°C incubator with 5% CO_{2 .} The cells were treated with different concentrations of opium (0-100ug/ml) for 24 hours. Then IC₅₀ was determined and then a lower concentration, IC₅₀, and a higher concentration (three concentrations in total) were used for further studies.
The lipid peroxidation was measured by thiobarbituric acid method. The total oxidant was measured using xylenol orange. The amount of total antioxidants was determined by the FRAP (Ferric Reducing / Antioxidant Power) method. The catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities were measured by colorimetry methods. the data was entered into SPSS software (Version 20)  and analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests. P less than 0.05 was considered a significant level. Results: Statistical analysis results indicated a significant difference in the amount of oxidative stress factors compared with control (p<0.001). In the group receiving opium with a dose of 60 and 70 mg/ml compared to the control group, the amount of TOS and MDA increased significantly (p<0.001), while the amount of TAC decreased (p<0.001). Also, the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes decreased in opium-treated groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this research showed that opium had a lethal effect on HepG2 cells. Also, opium caused an increase in oxidative stress in this cell line, which indicates the vulnerability of the liver against this compound. The results of this study show that although opium has analgesic effects, it can seriously damage the liver tissue. 

Abstract Aim: The chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway is a main target for genetic modification to change plant photosynthesis and growth rate to support a greater demand for food in the growing world population. In this study, the effect of overexpression of GSA gene one of gene involved in biosynthesis pathway of chlorophyll on physiological condition of tobacco plant was investigated. 5-Aminolevulinate (ALA) is product of GSA gene. ALA is a precursor for all tetrapyrrole, these components have impotent roles in living cell, as pigments, light receptor (Phytochrome), prosthetic group of many different proteins (like cytochromes, hemoglobin, myoglobin, and leghemoglobin) and enzymes (for example Catalase, Ascorbate, Peroxidase and etc.). Nowadays, ALA has received wide attention for its widespread usage in agriculture, forestry and medication. ALA at low concentrations increases photosynthesis, growth, development, yield and productivity, also promoted fruit color appearance and quality and taste of products in treated plants under both normal and stressful conditions. ALA also improves antioxidant features, absorption of nutrient, water use efficiency and osmotic balance in plants.
Materials and methods: In this research, according to bioinformatics studies, MsGSA gene cDNA of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Isfahani) was selected to transfer to Xanthi tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plant, the binary expression vector pBI121 which has Kanamycin antibiotic resistance gene for selection in bacteria and plants, cutting sites for SacI and BamHI enzyme, CaMV35S promoter (cauliflower mosaic virus promoter), nos transcription termination sequences and ß-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene was used. After constructing the gene construct pBI121-GSA and confirming the transfer of the construct using PCR cloning methods, enzymatic digestion and sequencing were performed, then the corresponding construct was transferred to Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LB4404 using Agrobacterium with the gene construct. The corresponding gene was transferred to the tobacco plant genome and the transgenic plants were selected on the medium containing kanamycin and the presence of the gene was confirmed by performing PCR in the regenerated plants. The rooted transgenic sprouts were transferred to the soil. The level of GSA gene expression in the resulting transgenic plants was evaluated by real-time PCR, and their growth rate and biochemical content were also evaluated.
Results: It was observed that the growth of transgenic plants increased significantly depending on the level of GSA gene expression, and the content of ALA (aminolevulinic acid) and chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, which are the products of the corresponding gene expression. The results also showed the content of anthocyanin, flavonoids and phenol of plants have significantly increased in proportion to the increase in GSA gene expression compared to wild type tobacco plants.
Conclusion: The growth rate as well as the content of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, ALA, anthocyanin, flavonoids and phenol of transgenic GSA plants is proportional to the increase in the expression of the GSA gene. The results from this study indicate that an increase in transgenic growth rate as well as an increase in the secondary metabolites content in transgenic plants were influenced by GSA transferred gene and an increase in the content of ALA. These results imply that transgenic tobacco plants expressing MsGSA gene had higher resistance potential to stresses than the wild type tobacco plants.

Abstract Aim: The sperm membrane is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, which is very sensitive to the damage caused by ROS as a result of lipid peroxidation. Using suitable antioxidants in semen extenders can reduce the level of ROS. Rutin is a naturally occurring antioxidant polyphenolic flavonoid with powerful radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition properties. However, no studies have investigated the potential impact of rutin supplementation in cooling preservation of ram epididymal sperm. The current research was aimed to compare different concentrations of rutin antioxidant in the cooling process.
Material and methods: In this experimental study, testes of mature rams were collected from a local slaughterhouse and transferred to the laboratory within 1 hours in saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. In the laboratory, the epididymis was separated from the testis and cleaned from any connective tissues and blood vessels. For sperm recovery, the cauda epididymis was trimmed with a scalpel and epididymal sperm was obtained by cutting into small pieces in 5 ml of tris base extender pre-warmed at 37°C and incubated for 10 min to allow sperm swim out. The diluted sperm samples were divided into five equal experimental groups including: 1) tris base extender (Control), 2) extender containing 0.5 mM rutin, 3) extender containing 0.75 mM rutin, 4) extender containing 1 mM rutin, and 5) extender containing 1.25 mM rutin. The sperm samples were cooled gradually from 37°C to 4°C in 2 hours and held at 4°C. Sperm motility, viability, membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation were evaluated after extension (0 h) and at 24 and 48 hours of storage. The motility, viability, membrane integrity and morphology of sperm samples were evaluated immediately after extension (0 h) and at 24 and 48 h of storage at 4°C. The sperm motion kinematics were objectively evaluated by using the computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. The eosin-nigrosin staining technique was applied to evaluate viability. The hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) was performed to assess membrane integrity. Sperm morphology was determined by staining sperm smears with Hancock’s solution. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration.
Results: The data obtained from this experiment show that after 24 and 48 hours of cooling, the addition of rutin antioxidant at a concentration of 0.75 and 1 mM causes a significant increase in total motility, progressive motility and straight path velocity. The results of the present study show that experimental treatments at 0, 24 and 48 hours after cooling have no effect on VAP, VCL and STR. The results of this experiment show that after 24 and 48 hours of cooling, the addition of rutin antioxidants at concentrations of 0.75 and 1 mM significantly increases the viability and integrity of the membrane. Also, the results show that the experimental treatments reduce the amount of MDA. The results show that the applied treatments have no effect on sperm morphology.
Conclusion: The results show that using rutin antioxidant in concentrations of 0.75 and 1 mM improves the quality of ram sperm.

Abstract Aim: The toxic effects of cadmium exposure are mainly due to the production of oxygen free radicals, reduction of cellular antioxidants and oxidative stress, which can lead to cell component destruction, DNA damage, apoptosis and ultimately tissue damage. In this study, the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine, as a substance with antioxidant properties, in cadmium-exposed Wistar mice were investigated by liver histology and measuring the expression of effective genes in apoptosis and cell proliferation.
Material and Methods: Mice weighing approximately 150-200 g were classified into three treatments including, G1) control treatment, G2) cadmium recipient treatment, and G3) concomitant cadmium and N-acetylcysteine treatment and for four weeks received the desired. Then liver tissue samples were taken for histopathological examination and expression of eif4e and mad1 genes.
Results: The results of this study showed that cadmium exposure resulted in serious damage to rat liver tissue, including central artery hyperemia, increased number of inflammatory cells and inflammation in the liver parenchyma, while the use of N-acetylcysteine significantly reduced the mentioned injuries. Also, the use of N-acetylcysteine resulted in a significant reduction in the expression of eif4e and mad1 genes by 2.14 and 2.27 times, compared with mice that received only cadmium.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that N-acetylcysteine as an antioxidant can play an important role in preventing tissue damage due to oxidative stress and preventing the induction of cellular apoptosis.

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of adding different levels of garlic extract as an antioxidant to diluent on the semen characteristics of Arabi rams under liquid conditions at 5°C.
Material and Methods: Semen samples were collected from 12 Arabi rams weekly for 8 weeks and their semen was immediately mixed, diluted, and divided into the number of experimental treatments and received different levels of garlic extract. Treatments included garlic extract levels (zero, 50, 100, 150 and 200 μl/ml). At different storage times of diluted semen containing experimental treatments (zero, 24, 48, and 72 hours), semen quality parameters were evaluated.
Results: At time zero (immediately after sperm collection and addition of garlic extract), sperm quality parameters in experimental treatments were not statistically significant compared to the control. At 24 hours, 50 μl/ml of garlic extract improved the spermatozoa progressive motility of total motility rates, but 200 μl/ml of extract reduced the total motility of sperm (p < 0.05). At 48 hours, the highest sperm viability was related to the level of 50 μl/ml garlic extracts (p < 0.05). 72 hours after semen collection, the highest progressive motility of spermatozoa was observed at the level of 50 μl/ml garlic extracts (p < 0.05). Malondialdehyde concentration of seminal plasma as an indicator of peroxidation was not affected by experimental treatments.
Conclusion: In general, sperm quality parameters were improved by adding 50 μg/ml garlic extract to the semen diluent of Arabian rams and storage the diluted semen in liquid condition at 5°C.
 

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Carob seedextract as natural antioxidant on quality cryopreserved Farahani rams breeding sperm.
Material and Methods: In this study semen was collected from five mature ram (weight: 60±5 kg) twice a week using an artificial vagina and the ejaculates were pooled in order to eliminate the individual effect of rams. Different levels of carob seed extracts (0, 0/05, 0/1, 0/15 and 0/2 mL) were added to diluent based tris-egg yolk. After cooling, filling and sealing of the samples, they were frozen and with nitrogen vapor and immersed in liquid nitrogen and were stored until evaluation time. Thereafter and after thawing and incubation for5 min, sperm quality parameters includingmotility, progressive motility, viability (Nigrosine–eosin staining), membrane integrity with Hypoosmotic (Host) and morphology abnormality (Hancock test).
Results: Results indicated that the level of 0/05 mL carob seedextract significantly improved some parameters including motility, viability, plasma membrane and morphology integrity compared to control (p < 0.01).
Conclusion: Results indicated that so added 0/05 of carob seed extract peel to Tris based extender was beneficial in storage in sperm Farahani ram breeding after freeze-thawing.
 

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the interaction of bacterial inoculation and iron treatment (nano and Fe-chelate) on physiological traits of alfalfa.
Material and Methods:  In this study, effects of inoculation with standard Rhizobium meliloti, effects of different levels of iron (Fe-chelate, 0, 5, 10, 20 and 25 μM Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles) and the interaction of bacterial inoculation and iron treatment were investigated on alfalfa in a factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three replications for 45 days. The measured traits were growth indexes, photosynthetic pigments, protein, proline, antioxidants activity, DPPH(diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl)-radical scavenging activity percent and elements content.
Results: Rhizobium incoculation alone showed beneficial effects on the alfalfa growth and was caused increasing in growth parameters, pigmants, protein content, potassium and phosphours uptake. However inoculation did not effect on the proline and antioxidant content. Iron treatment had a positive effect on the growth parameters, pigmants, protein content and elemant uptake. Highest values of growth parameters was observed 25μM Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles. The highest values of proline and antioxidants activity were measured in control (0μM nanoparticles). Since this concentration is considered a stress for alfalfa. Negative effects of  0μM nanoparticles decreased in inoculated alfalfa plants with R. meliloti. Indeed rhizobium causes increasing in inoculated plant resistant by reducing stressful conditions.
Conclusion: Rhizobium-alfalfa symbiosis plus iron nanofertilizer can cause increasing in plant resistance to stress, in addition to increase growth of plant. The highest amount of growth parameters, pigmants and protein content was measured in inoculated plant  with Rhizobium meliloti and 10μM nanoparticles.
 
 
 

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study is evaluating the effect of crocin as one of saffron bioactive compounds in mice spermatogenic stem cells.
Material and Methods: Balb/c neonate spermatogenic stem cells were grown in DMEM-F12 medium and were treated with various concentrations of crocin (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 µg/ml) for 6 and 12 days. For detecting spermatogenic stem cells, assessment cytotoxicity, recognizing viable cells and antioxidant capacity have been used alkaline phosphatase assay, MTT assay, AO, DAPI staining, and DCF-DA assay, respectively. Statistical analyses, One-way ANOVA, Duncan test(P≤0.05), were conducted using SPSS software .
Results: Crocin in concentrations >20 µg/ml exerted no significant toxicity on mice spermatogenic stem cells in 6 and 12 days treatment. Meanwhile, viability of mice spermatogenic stem cells was reduced under exposure to 20, 40 µg/ml to 21, 24 % in 6 days and 29, 41% in 12 days treatment. Further, evaluations of cell viability by fluorescence microscopy and antioxidant potential by fluorimetery have showed protective and antioxidant effect of crocin after 12 day treatment.
Conclusion: Crocin can be induced protective effect on mice spermatogenic stem cells, which conducted their effect through minimal effects on cell viability and reducing cell death.

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the protective effect of Meristotropis xanthioides extract on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity.
Material and methods: The total phenol and flavonoid contents of the species were measured by Folin Ciocalteu and AlCl₃, respectively. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: group 1 (control), group 2: received 1ml 50 % ethanol, group 3 : received 1ml ethanol (50 %) plus the extract (500 mg/kg), each group consisted of six rats. All treatments were performed by intragastric administration. Silymarin was used as positive control. Biochemical, histological and morphological analyses were used for evaluation of hepatotoxicity.
Results: The extract had high total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Alcohol consumption significantly increased liver/body weight ratio, amounts of tissue’s malondialdehyde (MDA), H₂O₂ and also liver enzymes in blood in comparison to other groups. Histological examination showed that alcohol consumption injures liver tissue intensely. All these alcohol-induced changes were effectively inhibited by treatment with the extract.
Conclusion: This research confirmed that the species can represent the protective role on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity and suggested its capacity to apply as a new healthcare food and drug supplement.

Abstract Aim: In the present study, the antioxidant effect of vitamin C on decreasing the induced chromosomal damages by low-frequency electromagnetic field on bone marrow erythrocytes of male Balb/C mouse has been investigated.
Material and Methods: In this experimental study, 48 adult male mouse (Balb/C) were randomly divided into four equal groups: control, test 1, test 2 and test 3. Control group were kept in normal conditions and the mice in test1 and test3 groups were intraperitoneally injected with 50 mg / kg of vitamin C for 8 consecutive days. Then the mice of test 3 and test 2 groups after the fifth day were exposed to electromagnetic waves with frequency of 50 Hz and intensity of 50 Gauss for 4 days and 4 hours per day. The mice in all different groups were sacrificed and micronucleus test were performed on the bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes. The data were analyzed using spss software and ANOVA test at level p < 0.05.
Results: The frequency of micronucleus in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes of test3 group (3.107± 0.276) in comparison with test 2 group (9.29 ± 0.881) showed a significant reduction             (p < 0.001) .
Listen
Read phonetically
Conclusion: Vitamin C caused significant decrease in induced chromosomal damages by low-frequency electromagnetic waves in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes of adult male Balb/C mouse.
 

Abstract Aim: This study was to determine the effects of sprint training and vitamins E and C supplementation on LDL-ox and MDA levels and GPX activity.
Material and Methods: 40 untrained healthy male students(age 19± 1.9 , weight 73 ± 4.4) divided into 4 groups: sprint training (SP) sprint training with vitamins E and C supplements (SP-SUP), vitamins E and C supplements (SUP) and control (CON) groups (n=10 each group). Blood samples were collected before exercise. The SP and SP-SUP groups participated 8 weeks sprint training period. At the same time, SUP and SP-SUP groups received vitamins E (400 U/day) and C (500 mg/day) six days per week. Blood samples were collected, before training period and after 72 hours from last session of training period. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) used to compare groups results.
Results: There was significant difference between GPX activity. Also, there were differences between MDA levels within groups. The LDL-ox level changes were not significant.
Conclusion: According to the results, anti-oxidative defense by enzymes such as GPX can increases by sprint training. Sprint training has selectional effect on by-products of oxidants and can improve anti-oxidative stress in rest.
 

Abstract Aim: This study examined the effects of vitamin A Chromosomal damage induced by the inhibition of cell phone radiation on the bone marrow erythrocytes on mice.
Material and methods: In this experimental study 48 male rats BALB/c were dividedrandomly into four groups: control, laboratory sample1, 2and the empirical distribution, the control mice were kept in natural condition, samples were first for four consecutive days and every day for three hours (12-9) in vitro and cell phone signals within the passive mode (OFF), were studied The mice in laboratory sample 2 were exposed to mobile phones in vitro within three hours (12-9) for four days and the samples of  experimental group were injected with15,000 Iu/kg vitamin A intraperitoneally for five consecutive days and on the second day they were exposed to mobile phone inactive mode (ON)for four consecutive days and every day for three hours (12-9). All different groups of mice were described and micronucleus test of polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow of mice was performed. Quantitative data obtained with software Spss and were analyzed by ANOVA test            (p <0.05).
Results: The frequency of micronucleus in polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow of experimental mice (25/23) compared with controls (68/34), group 1 (88/35) and control 2 (55/45) showed a significant reduction said. The group 2 compared with control groups has shown significant increase in the number of micronucleus.
Conclusion: Vitamin A reduces the in duction of chromosome damageinduced by waves in the mobile mouse bone marrow polychromatic cerythrocytes of adult male BALB/c.
 

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to determining effect of short-term garlic extract supplementation on serum total ‌‌antioxidant capacity(TAC), malondialdehyde and and total peripheral leukocytes counts in non-athlete men after an aerobic exercise.
Material and methods: Twenty non-athlete men (aged 23±3 years, body fat 16±2%, and VO2max 40±3 ml/kg/min) in a randomized and double-blind design were divided in two equal groups: supplement group (garlic extract, 700mg/day) and placebo group (dextrose, 700mg/day). After supplementation period, all subjects were participated in aerobic exercise protocol with75% VO2max on the treadmill for 30 minutes. Primary blood samples in the basic state and before of start supplementation, second blood samples after the end of supplementation period and third blood samples after the exercise were taken. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA, Bonferroni and independent t test using SPSS at α≤0.05.
Results: Show that short-term garlic extract supplementation had significant effect (p < 0.05) on basal serum TAC. Moreover, MDA, total peripheral leukocytes counts was significantly increased and TAC was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after 30 min aerobic exercise. The change range in the oxidative and inflammatory indices of placebo group, However, was significantly more than in supplement group (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Our results suggest that the increase of resting total antioxidative capacity following Garlic short supplementation can cause decrease exercise-induced oxidative damages (Lipid Peroxidation) and inflammatory indices (Leukocytosis) in non-athlete men.