Cell and Tissue Journal

Abstract Aim: Thepurpose of this study is the investigation of the effect of aqueous and ehanolic plant extracts including neem, clove, thyme and lavender on the increase storage life via decrease of reactive oxygen and the activity of antioxidant enzymes.
Material and methods: In this study, it was extracted of the neem, clove, thyme and lavender with aqueous and ehanolic solution, then the orange fruits was treated with 2×1000, 4×1000 and 6×1000 concentration of plant extract and chitosan and vax. The treated fruits were stored in the storage with 7C and 80-90% humidity. The enzyme activity and the related genes expression was evaluated per twenty days to 100 days in the orange fruits. In the other section of study, it was done the panel test.
Results: The results showed the activity of catalase was affected with plant extracts. The treated orange fruits with 6×1000 concentration of ethanolic lavender extract showed the least catalase activity, with 2.13; the least peroxidase activity was observed in the fruits treated with aqueous lavender extract with 6×1000 concentration. The ethanolic and aqueous of lavender extract affected on the catalase and peroxidase gene expression with 5.28 and 6.66 respectively.
Conclusion: the results of this study showed the extracts of neem, clove, thyme and lavender have highly effect on the plant physiology and they decreased the enzyme activity and the genes expression.

Abstract Aim: Evaluation effects of ZnO nanoparticles on peroxidase activity, gene expression of peroxidase enzyme, proline content and expression of proline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) gene in L. draba seedlings in compared to the effects of its balk form.
Material and Methods: L. draba seedlings were grown in the presence of different concentrations of these particles for 7 days in fully-random designs with three repetitions; thereafter the mentioned parameters were measured.
 Results: While the peroxidase activity was significantly evaluated in the presence of nano and balk particle in the concentration more than 100 and 50 mg/L respectively, in them, the gene expression level of peroxidase was the same as the control. On the other hand, in the treated seedlings, proline content was significantly increased in accordance to the rising nanoparticle doses in media, while, no significant difference was seen in the P5CS gene expression in different treatments rather than control sample. In the balk treated seedlings, content of this amino acid were significantly increased up to 100 mg/L concentrations and dramatically decreased in the presence of doses more than 250 mg/L in compared to the control sample. Gene expression level of P5CS was the same as the control in the presence of the balk form up to 500 mg/L and significantly decreased at the highest concentration.
Conclusion: Based on the results, it seems that nanoparticle has fewer effects rather than the balk form on the mentioned parameters, which may be due to release less Zn ion in this condition.

Abstract Aim: The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of Azadirachta indica )neem( aqueous extract on the expression of the encoding genes of the two phenylalanine ammonialysis and peroxidase enzymes in tomato (Matin and Early Urbana cultivars) in the interaction with root knot nematode caused by Meloidogyne javanica.
Material and methods: The tomato seedlings were inoculated in the 4-6 leafed stages with different concentrations of the neem extract and then incubated with the pathogen. The plants sampling were at six time points (0, 12, 24, 96, 192 and 288 hours) after pathogen inoculation. The gene expression of the defense enzymes was investigated using the Real-time PCR techniques.
Results: In both cultivars, the gene expression of POX and PAL enzymes in the combined treatment of the pathogen nematode and the aqueous neem extract had increasing trend with significant difference with the control. In Matin cultivar, the increase of the gene expression was higher and faster than of Early Urbana cultivar, so that the expression of PAL and POX genes in this cultivar was 18.2 and 14.5 times more than the control. In the early Urbana cultivar, the highest rate of PAL gene expression was observed at 19.2 hours and was 7.5 times, and in the case of POX gene at 96 hours and 3.9 times when it was compared with control. In greenhouse experiments, the nematode pathogenicity indexes showed a significant decrease compared with the Early Urbana cultivar.
Conclusion: According to the results, in order to protect the plant against the invasions of the patients, the expression of the defensive genes should be increased at the earliest stages after the inoculation of the patient. Early increase in expression of genes in the seedlings treated with neem extract seems to be a justifiable phenomenon in the plant resistance to the pathogenic agent.
 

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of walnut green skin extract on blue mold apple, peroxidase activity and catalase activity, as well as the level of gene expression of these two enzymes.
Material and methods: In this study, extracts of green skin of walnut were used to control the apple blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum, in vitro and in vivo. Then, the effect of the aqueous extract of this plant on the activity and also expression of the genes of the two enzymes of peroxidase and catalase were evaluated.
Results: The results of the extract mixed with culture media tests showed the aqueous and methanolic extracts of green walnut skin inhibit with the rate of 86.41 and 75.84 percent of the fungal pathogen were respectively the best treatment in comparison with the control. In vivo test (the 4 ° C), the spot surface, in the treatment of aqueous and alcoholic extracts with a concentration of  6×1000, reduced 94.50 and 81.69%, respectively. In the test for the activity of peroxidase and catalase activity, the walnut skin extract increase the activity of these enzymes at 9th day. The results of enzymes genes expression showed that the expression of peroxidase and catalase genes was 227.66 and 314.08 fold on day 9, in the plant extract+ pathogen treatment, respectively.
Conclusion: The extract of walnut skin had direct fungal effects, and it can was induce the defense genes expression and subsequently increased activity of defense enzymes.