Cell and Tissue Journal

Abstract Introduction: Natural plants have attracted increasing attention in biomedical research due to their numerous benefits. Vesicles derived from plant exosomes, which are some plant components, are small nanoscale vesicles secreted by plant cells. Throughout history, plants have shown beneficial effects on human health with minimal toxicity by providing biological materials. These natural materials have significant potential in the development of new drugs.
Aims: The aim of this study was to extract exosome from ginger, onion, lavender and lemon and investigate their antibacterial and antioxidant properties
Materials and methods: First, ginger, lavender. onion, and lemon were extracted using the aqueous method. Exosomes were extracted and purified using the ExosُُُSun kit and identified using the TEM technique. The antibacterial activity of these exosome and extracts against gram-positive and gram-negative species, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes was investigated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disk diffusion. The antioxidant content of the extracts and exosomes was measured using the TAC total antioxidant capacity measurement kit
Discussion: The prevalence of serious infectious pathogens, including Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes, is causing a sharp increase in morbidity and mortality worldwide. Also, the alarming increase in antibiotic resistance is a concern. Therefore, the above issues have prompted scientists to turn to a new approach to treatment. Throughout history, plants have shown beneficial effects on human health with minimal toxicity by obtaining biological materials. These natural materials have significant potential in the production of new drugs.
In this study, we extracted ginger exosomes with the ExoSun kit. the antimicrobial properties of extracted exosomes and extracts were measured by disk diffusion methods, MIC. Exosomes did not have antibacterial properties in ginger extract. in Lavender. antibacterial properties were not observed, but lemon extract had good antibacterial properties. In our study, Ginger exosomes did not affect E. coli, which was in accordance with Teng's research.In our study, lavender aqua extract had no effect on bacteria.
The MTT method was used to evaluate the possible cytotoxic effects of the extract The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MIBC) of Ginger extract for fungal strains (C. krusei and C. albicans) was higher than that of fluconazole and nystatin.
In our study, ginger extract had no effect on bacteria.
Plant extracellular vesicles (PEVs) have attracted increasing attention due to their rich composition, good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and drug delivery ability. Citrus, as a common fruit, is an ideal material for extracting PEVs due to the diversity and abundance of bioactive substances it contains.
In a study, citrus-derived extracellular vesicles (CEVs) were extracted from red mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. ‘Dahongpao’) and were found to contain high levels of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The high levels of total phenolics and total flavonoids indicate that CEVs have good chemical antioxidant properties.
In this study, we investigated the antioxidant properties of extracted exosomes, which showed that lavender exosomes had higher antioxidant properties than other exosomes. Lavender extract also had higher antioxidant properties than other extracts. The antioxidant properties of lavender extract were higher than lavender exosomes.
Conclusion: The results showed that only lemon extract had antibacterial properties, and the exosomes of ginger, fenugreek, onion, and lemon had no antibacterial properties. In the antioxidant test, lavender exosome showed the highest capacity

Abstract Introduction: Cartilage, a tissue without blood vessels and nerves, possesses inherently limited regenerative capacity following injury, often leading to progressive joint degeneration and conditions like osteoarthritis (OA) if left untreated. Current clinical interventions, such as surgical microfracture or autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), face significant challenges, including donor site morbidity, immune rejection, and the formation of fibrocartilage with inferior biomechanical properties. These limitations underscore the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies that can effectively stimulate hyaline cartilage regeneration. In this context, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) have garnered attention as a cell-free regenerative tool, leveraging their cargo of bioactive molecules (e.g., miRNAs, cytokines, and growth factors) to modulate chondrogenesis, suppress inflammation, and enhance extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Concurrently, glucosamine, a natural amino sugar and precursor for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis, has demonstrated dual functionality in joint health: not only does it serve as a building block for proteoglycans critical to cartilage integrity, but it also exhibits chondroprotective effects by mitigating ECM degradation and promoting stem cell chondrogenic differentiation. The potential synergy between MSC-Exos and glucosamine could thus address multiple facets of cartilage repair, combining anabolic stimulation (via exosomal signaling) with metabolic support (via glucosamine supplementation), offering a promising combinatorial approach to halt OA progression and restore functional cartilage.
Aims: This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of mouse bone marrow stem cell-derived exosomes and glucosamine on the expression of cartilage-specific genes, including Sox9, Acan, Col2a1, and Col10a1.
Materials and Methods: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were prepared from NMRI mice. The mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation, the femoral heads were removed, and the bone marrow contents were transferred into a cell culture flask using a syringe containing culture medium. The bone marrow cells were cultured and were ready for use after 3 to 5 passages. The cell supernatant was separated, and exosomes were extracted from it by successive rounds of centrifugation followed by ultracentrifugation. Mesenchymal stem cell viability and determining the appropriate concentration of exosomes and glucosamine were performed using the MTT assay. The experiments were performed on mesenchymal stem cells in 4 groups: control, exosome, glucosamine, and exosome + glucosamine. The effects of exosomes and glucosamine on the expression of Sox9, Acan, Col2a1, and Col10a1 genes in mesenchymal stem cells were investigated in the presence of chondrogenic medium.
Results: According to the MTT assay results demonstrating the synergistic effect of exosomes and glucosamine, the combined concentrations of 15 μg/mL exosomes and 25 μg/mL glucosamine were chosen for subsequent applications. Real-time PCR results showed that the expression of Sox9, Acan, and Col2a1 genes in stem cells treated with exosomes and glucosamine significantly increased compared to the other groups after 14 days, while the expression of the Col10a1 gene significantly decreased compared to the other groups.
Discussion: The combined treatment of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) exosomes and glucosamine significantly upregulated the expression of key chondrogenic markers, including Sox9, Acan, and Col2a1, while downregulating the hypertrophic marker Col10a1. This gene expression profile suggests a dual beneficial effect: (1) promotion of chondrogenic differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, and (2) suppression of hypertrophic differentiation, a critical factor in preventing cartilage calcification and osteoarthritis progression. These findings highlight the synergistic potential of BMSC exosomes and glucosamine as a combinatorial therapy for cartilage regeneration. By enhancing anabolic processes (Sox9-mediated chondrogenesis and aggrecan/collagen II deposition) and concurrently inhibiting catabolic pathways (Col10a1-associated hypertrophy), this strategy may offer a promising approach to delay or reverse early-stage cartilage degeneration in degenerative joint diseases
Conclusion: Our study reveals that combining bone marrow stem cell-derived exosomes with glucosamine synergistically enhances chondrogenesis by upregulating key cartilage markers (Sox9, Acan, Col2a1) while suppressing hypertrophy-related Col10a1. This dual action suggests that exosomes promote cartilage matrix synthesis through their bioactive cargo (e.g., miRNAs/growth factors), while glucosamine likely inhibits hypertrophic differentiation, potentially via modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These findings support this combination as a promising strategy for improving cartilage repair and preventing OA progression, though further in vivo validation is needed.