Cell and Tissue Journal

Abstract Introduction: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. It is characterized by hormonal imbalances, irregular menstrual cycles, hyperandrogenism, and insulin resistance. The prevalence of this condition is on the rise, largely due to changes in lifestyle, poor dietary habits, and increasing rates of obesity. PCOS not only affects reproductive health but also poses long-term metabolic risks, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and dyslipidemia. Despite its high prevalence, the exact cause of PCOS remains unclear, and its heterogeneous nature makes diagnosis and management challenging. Early identification and a multidisciplinary approach to treatment are essential for improving patient outcomes and preventing long-term complications. Aim: Given the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome and its importance as a major problem affecting women's health and fertility, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between anti-mullerian hormone with insulin resistance and reproductive hormones in women with this syndrome. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 women aged 18 to 45 years, including both healthy individuals and those diagnosed with PCOS, participated in this study. The diagnosis of PCOS was confirmed by a gynecologist based on clinical examination and transvaginal or pelvic ultrasound findings. For all participants, the following parameters were recorded: age, weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, fasting blood glucose, insulin levels, and serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogen, progesterone, free testosterone, and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Results: There was no significant difference in mean age and FSH levels between the experimental groups. However, women with PCOS showed a significant decrease in estradiol and progesterone levels, along with a significant increase in body mass index (BMI), LH, free testosterone, AMH, and insulin resistance compared to the control group. Pearson correlation analysis revealed no significant relationship between AMH and the hormones LH, FSH, testosterone, or progesterone in either the control group or the PCOS group. However, a significant positive correlation between AMH and estradiol was observed in the control group, while a significant negative correlation was found in the PCOS group. Discussion: Overweight, obesity, and hormonal imbalances are common characteristics observed in women with PCOS. In the control group, a positive and significant correlation between serum AMH and estradiol levels suggests a normal physiological relationship between follicular activity and estrogen production. In contrast, the significant negative correlation observed in the PCOS group indicates a disruption in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis and reflects abnormal folliculogenesis. This dysregulation may lead to anovulation and persistent immature follicles, which are hallmarks of PCOS. Moreover, elevated AMH levels in PCOS patients are often linked with increased ovarian follicle count, yet without proper maturation, resulting in hormonal imbalance and infertility. These findings highlight the importance of early detection and hormonal monitoring in women with PCOS to prevent long-term reproductive and metabolic complications. Conclusion: These findings underscore the potential utility of AMH–estradiol correlation patterns as a supplementary diagnostic marker for PCOS. Given the complex and heterogeneous nature of PCOS, the identification of reliable biomarkers is crucial for early diagnosis and tailored treatment strategies. Further studies with larger sample sizes and diverse populations are needed to validate the role of AMH in PCOS diagnosis and its relationship with estradiol levels. Moreover, exploring the underlying mechanisms of AMH dysregulation in PCOS could provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for managing both reproductive and metabolic complications associated with the condition.

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silymarin and lithium chloride on DNA integrity and nucleus of ram sperm.
Material and Methods: In this study, Farahani's ram testes were obtained from Arak slaughterhouse immediately after ram daily slaughter and transferred to the research laboratory. A few incisions were made in the epididymis, and spermatozoa were  then washed into a sterile falcon tube by Ham's F10 medium. collected spermatozoa of ram were divided into four groups: 1. Sperm at 0 hour, 2. Sperm incubated for180 minutes (control), 3. Sperm treated with lithium chloride for 180 minutes and 4. Sperm treated with silymarin + lithium chloride for 180 minutes. DNA integrity and DNA fragmentation were investigated by acridine orange staining sperm chromatin expersion (SCD) test respectively. Morphological feature of apoptosis in sperm nucleus was assessed using Diff-Quick staining. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test (ANOVA) followed by Turkey's test .
Results: The percentage of DNA fragment and apoptosis were significantly increased in lithium chloride-treated group compared to the control. In silymarin+ lithium chloride group, Silymarin could signicantly compensate these effect compared to the lithium choloride group.
Conclusion: Silymarin as a potent antioxidant could  prevent toxic effect of  lithium  on DNA  fragmentation and apoptosis in sperm nucleus.
 

Abstract Aim:  In the present study we examine the effect of C. mass L. seed  extract on learning, memory and some serum parameters in alzheimer induced male mice. Material and Methods: 48 male mice weighing 25-30 gram divided into six groups including 1- Saline-Saline, 2-STZ-Saline, 3- STZ- Extract 25 mg/kg, 4- STZ-Extract 50 mg/kg, 5- STZ-Extract 75 mg/kg, 6- Saline- Effective dosages of Extract (50 mg/kg). For inducing Alzheimer's disease i.c.v. injection of Streptozotocine (3 mg/kg) was used and learning as well as memory was evaluated through passive avoidance test model. All groups received C.mas seed extract or saline intraperitoneally for 3­weeks. Then they entered into learning testes. Finally all animals were killed and blood was taken from right ventricle. Level of glucose, Triglyceride, and total cholestrole in serum were measured. Also during treatment period, weights of the mice were measured at beginning of each week. The data were analyzed using unilateral variance analysis and Tukey test or Analysis of variance with repeated measures. Results: ICV administration of STZ significantly decreased memory (p < 0/0001). C. mas seed extract (50mg/kg) improved memory retrieval (p < 0/0001) and decreased glucose as well as triglyceride level significantly (p < 0/01), but didn’t have significant effect on total cholesterol (P>0.05). Reduction of mice weight was Significant (p < 0/01) only in 50 mg/kg dosage. Conclusion: It seems that C. mas seed extract improved memory in disorders neuronal damage such as Alzheimer's due to reduction of risk factors in the blood and adjustment of the glucose and fatty acid metabolism.