Cell and Tissue Journal

Abstract Introduction: Natural plants have attracted increasing attention in biomedical research due to their numerous benefits. Vesicles derived from plant exosomes, which are some plant components, are small nanoscale vesicles secreted by plant cells. Throughout history, plants have shown beneficial effects on human health with minimal toxicity by providing biological materials. These natural materials have significant potential in the development of new drugs.
Aims: The aim of this study was to extract exosome from ginger, onion, lavender and lemon and investigate their antibacterial and antioxidant properties
Materials and methods: First, ginger, lavender. onion, and lemon were extracted using the aqueous method. Exosomes were extracted and purified using the ExosُُُSun kit and identified using the TEM technique. The antibacterial activity of these exosome and extracts against gram-positive and gram-negative species, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes was investigated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disk diffusion. The antioxidant content of the extracts and exosomes was measured using the TAC total antioxidant capacity measurement kit
Discussion: The prevalence of serious infectious pathogens, including Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes, is causing a sharp increase in morbidity and mortality worldwide. Also, the alarming increase in antibiotic resistance is a concern. Therefore, the above issues have prompted scientists to turn to a new approach to treatment. Throughout history, plants have shown beneficial effects on human health with minimal toxicity by obtaining biological materials. These natural materials have significant potential in the production of new drugs.
In this study, we extracted ginger exosomes with the ExoSun kit. the antimicrobial properties of extracted exosomes and extracts were measured by disk diffusion methods, MIC. Exosomes did not have antibacterial properties in ginger extract. in Lavender. antibacterial properties were not observed, but lemon extract had good antibacterial properties. In our study, Ginger exosomes did not affect E. coli, which was in accordance with Teng's research.In our study, lavender aqua extract had no effect on bacteria.
The MTT method was used to evaluate the possible cytotoxic effects of the extract The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MIBC) of Ginger extract for fungal strains (C. krusei and C. albicans) was higher than that of fluconazole and nystatin.
In our study, ginger extract had no effect on bacteria.
Plant extracellular vesicles (PEVs) have attracted increasing attention due to their rich composition, good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and drug delivery ability. Citrus, as a common fruit, is an ideal material for extracting PEVs due to the diversity and abundance of bioactive substances it contains.
In a study, citrus-derived extracellular vesicles (CEVs) were extracted from red mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. ‘Dahongpao’) and were found to contain high levels of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The high levels of total phenolics and total flavonoids indicate that CEVs have good chemical antioxidant properties.
In this study, we investigated the antioxidant properties of extracted exosomes, which showed that lavender exosomes had higher antioxidant properties than other exosomes. Lavender extract also had higher antioxidant properties than other extracts. The antioxidant properties of lavender extract were higher than lavender exosomes.
Conclusion: The results showed that only lemon extract had antibacterial properties, and the exosomes of ginger, fenugreek, onion, and lemon had no antibacterial properties. In the antioxidant test, lavender exosome showed the highest capacity

Abstract Introduction: Metal nanoparticles exhibit a broad range of properties and have made substantial contributions to the field of biomedicine, particularly concerning targeted drug delivery systems. These nanoparticles function effectively as carriers for a variety of therapeutic agents, including but not limited to antibodies, nucleic acids, chemotherapeutic agents, and peptides. Metals such as silver, gold, zinc, copper, and cerium display remarkable optical characteristics that augment their functional capabilities. Furthermore, their surfaces can be readily modified via hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding, or electrostatic interactions, facilitating their application with bioactive molecules for specific targeting endeavors. The advancement of numerous nanomedicines aimed at tumor treatment has underscored the potential of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) as a viable therapeutic agent in oncological therapy. Empirical studies suggest that CONPs possess cytotoxic properties against neoplastic cells, inhibit their invasiveness, and enhance their susceptibility to radiation and chemotherapeutic interventions. Additionally, CONPs exhibit minimal toxicity to healthy tissues and contribute to the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Xanthium strumarium, despite its high toxicity, is acknowledged for its medicinal properties. All constituents of the plant contain toxic compounds in varying concentrations and are utilized in the treatment of various ailments, including malaria, cancer, rheumatism, arthritis, tuberculosis, and respiratory allergies, in addition to their analgesic effects. Its roots, fruits, leaves, and other aerial parts possess significant medicinal value. The technique of green synthesis, which employs natural extracts, is utilized for the production of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles.
Aim:The objective of this research is to examine the impact of cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized through sol-gel and green synthesis techniques utilizing Xanthium strumarium extract on MDA-MB-231 cancer cells.
Materials and Methods: For the green synthesis approach, Zardineh plants, specifically Xanthium classified under the strumarium category with the ALUH 38785 code, were collected from regions adjacent to the Alborz mountains. The leaves of the plant were separated and ground into a fine powder. The resulting powder was extracted and purified using a reflux method. This extract served as a reducing agent for cerium nitrate metal ions. In the sol-gel method, cerium nitrate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were used. Characterization of the nanoparticles was conducted using FTIR, EDAX, SEM, and AFM techniques. Furthermore, the MTT assay was used to assess and compare the cytotoxic effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized on MDA-MB-231 cancerous cells.
Results: AFM analysis indicated that the size of the green synthesized nanoparticles was 10 and Sol-gel method nanoparticles were 13 nm. SEM and EDAX analysis revealed that the synthesized cerium nanoparticles exhibited a nearly spherical shape, with those produced via the sol-gel method showing uniform accumulation and dispersion. The MTT assay results demonstrated that the cytotoxic effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized on MDA-MB-231 cancerous cells increased with both time and concentration. Notably, the lethal effect of nanoparticles synthesized through the green method was found to be more pronounced than nanoparticles produced via the sol-gel method.
Conclusion: Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) exert toxicity in cancerous cells, inhibit invasion, and enhance the sensitivity of cancerous cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The green synthesis method uses biological extracts, such as plant materials, in place of industrial chemical agents to reduce metal ions and generate valuable nanoparticles. This approach offers several advantages over traditional chemical synthesis, including cost-effectiveness, reduced environmental pollution, and improved safety for both the environment and human health.

Abstract Aim:This study was performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of Ocimum basilicum and Impatiens walleriana aqueous extract on the gastric cancer of AGS cell line.
Material and methods: FRAP method was used to measure the antioxidant activity of Ocimum basilicum and Ipatiems walleriana extracts. After preparation of O. basilicum and I. walleriana aqueous extract, we measured the anticancer effect on growth of AGS cancer cells at 24, 48 and 72 hours by MTT.
Results: The highest antioxidant activity of O. basilicum and I. walleriana  was measured by FRAP method for water solvent and water bath extraction method, which in O. basilicum was

0.778 ± 0.11 mM and in I.walleriana  1.30 ± 0.03 mM. Based on the obtained data of the MTT test, the highest toxicity of the extract occurs 72 hours after adding the extract to the cells. The lowest amount of IC50 of the aqueous extract of O. basilicum was measured at 0.012 ± 0.002 mg / ml and in I. walleriana extract was 2.87 ± 0.001 mg / ml., which had a significant difference ( p <0.05).
Conclusion: The results of the anticancer study of the aqueous extract of O. basilicum and I. walleriana indicate that these plants have a cytotoxicity effect in the higher concentrations and need a long duration for their effects.