Cell and Tissue Journal

Abstract Aim: The aim of the present study was to find a simple method for evaluation of acrosomal integrity and evaluation of relationship between acrosomal integrity with motility, viability and reaction to hypoosmolar solution.
Material and Methods: 40 frozen sperm of Holstein bull were purchased and acrosomal integrity, motility, viability and reaction to hypoosmolar solution were examined.
Results: Based on the results, the percentage of acrosomal integrity was 84.52±5.72, motility was 31.52±8.22, alive sperm was 63.57±10.23, abnormal sperm was 21.57±3.23 and reaction to hypoosmolar solution was 41.96±6.68. Results showed the significant positive relationship between acrosomal integrity and motility, and alive sperm and normal sperm (p < 0.01), but no relation between acrosome integrity and reaction to hypoosmolar solution was observed. The results showed a significant positive relationship between abnormal acrosomes and abnormal sperms (p < 0.05), while a significant negative relationship observed between abnormal acrosome with motility and live sperm rate (p < 0.01). No significant relationship was observed between abnormal acrosomes and reaction to hypoosmolar solution (P>0.05). There is a significant relation between acrosome integrity with motility, normal sperm and alive sperm.
Conclusion: Since sperm fertility is related with acrosome integrity, normal sperm, motility and sperm viability and because sperm acrosome during freezing and thawing affected so evaluation of acrosome integrity can be considered as one of the useful examination for assessment of cryopreserved sperm fertility.

Abstract Aim: This study examined the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on some hematological tests of Rainbow catfish as a valuable ornamental and food fish species. Material and Methods: 40 fish (average size 12 g) were exposed to different concentrations (1 and 20 µg/L) of AgNPs (average hydrodynamic diameter 54.8 nm) and silver nitrate under constant-renewal condition for 10 days plus a control group (10 fish). At the end of the first and tenth days of exposure, blood samples were taken and conventional hematological tests measured. Results: The mean red blood cell counts (RBC), hematocrit and hemoglobin were increased in 20 µg/L of AgNPs on first day (p < 0.05). There was, however, no differences between treatments at the last day of exposure (P>0.05). In both first and last, there was no changes in the secondary hematological indices (P>0.05). High dose of AgNPs in last day led to increase of white blood cell count (WBC) relative to the control group and first day (p < 0.05). Significant changes in differential white blood cell count (DWBC) were also observed of AgNPs and silver nitrate in both times (p < 0.05). On the tenth day, glucose in both AgNPs treatments was increased (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Significant changes in RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, WBC, DWBC and glucose in high dose of AgNPs may indicate toxic effect of AgNPs.

Abstract Aim:  In the present study we examine the effect of C. mass L. seed  extract on learning, memory and some serum parameters in alzheimer induced male mice. Material and Methods: 48 male mice weighing 25-30 gram divided into six groups including 1- Saline-Saline, 2-STZ-Saline, 3- STZ- Extract 25 mg/kg, 4- STZ-Extract 50 mg/kg, 5- STZ-Extract 75 mg/kg, 6- Saline- Effective dosages of Extract (50 mg/kg). For inducing Alzheimer's disease i.c.v. injection of Streptozotocine (3 mg/kg) was used and learning as well as memory was evaluated through passive avoidance test model. All groups received C.mas seed extract or saline intraperitoneally for 3­weeks. Then they entered into learning testes. Finally all animals were killed and blood was taken from right ventricle. Level of glucose, Triglyceride, and total cholestrole in serum were measured. Also during treatment period, weights of the mice were measured at beginning of each week. The data were analyzed using unilateral variance analysis and Tukey test or Analysis of variance with repeated measures. Results: ICV administration of STZ significantly decreased memory (p < 0/0001). C. mas seed extract (50mg/kg) improved memory retrieval (p < 0/0001) and decreased glucose as well as triglyceride level significantly (p < 0/01), but didn’t have significant effect on total cholesterol (P>0.05). Reduction of mice weight was Significant (p < 0/01) only in 50 mg/kg dosage. Conclusion: It seems that C. mas seed extract improved memory in disorders neuronal damage such as Alzheimer's due to reduction of risk factors in the blood and adjustment of the glucose and fatty acid metabolism.

Abstract Aim: Study of different factors affecting on improvement of growth and development of medicinal plants is very important. Inorganic elements are considered as those affecting factors. The aim of this research was to study the effects of different silicon concentrations on anatomical and developmental characteristics and some growth parameters of borage (Borago officinalis L.) in hydroponic conditions.
Material and Methods: The effects of different concentrations of silicon on anatomical features of epidermis and stomata cells and some growth parameters including quantity of photosynthetic pigments and proline in borage were studied. To this end, a hydroponics experiment was conducted randomly with different amounts of silicon including 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 mM in four replications in greenhouse conditions.
Results: The results showed that 1.5 mM silicon resulted in a significant increase in stomata length and width, and stomatal index in borage leaf comparing with control and other treatments. Also application of 1.5 mM silicon showed positive effects on fresh weight of shoot and total chlorophyll content of plants compared with control. However it seems that silicon in high concentrations had negative effect on growth and anatomical attributes of the plant.
Conclusion: According to study of physiological and anatomical results, positive effects of silicon on pharmaceutical borage are just observed in appropriate and endurable concentrations for the plant.
 

Abstract Aim: The purpose of this study is evaluation of seven different varieties of soybean seeds cultivated in Iran based on seed storage protein patterns using SDS-PAGE method.
Material and methods: First, total soluble protein extracted from seeds of seven different varieties of soybean cultivated in Iran including: GK, L17, Sari, 033, 032, Talar and Sahar were measured. The electrophoretic pattern of storage proteins of soybean seeds was evaluated by SDS_PAGE method. Relative density of protein bands was analyzed. Relationships among the seven varieties of soybeans were evaluated based on the presence or absence of protein bands and cluster analysis.
Results: Protein content of soybean seeds showed that total protein in only one variety decreased compared to other varieties. In this study, 11 polymorphic bands on a gel for evaluation of genetic variation were detected and analyzed. Differences in intensities of protein expression were observed among different genotypes. Relationships among the seven varieties of soybeans were studied based on protein patterns and the highest and lowest similarities among varieties were identified.
Conclusion: The protein pattern of soybean seeds based on the presence or absence of protein bands can identify genetic variation and will also introduce specific protein markers that might be used to identify different varieties.
 

Abstract Cryopreservation is the most effective method for long-term maintenance of sperm. There are several procedures for freeze-thawing of semen and each may impose damage on sperm function, viability and finally decreases semen quality and fertility potential. In addition to decreased percentage of sperm viability and motility after freeze-thawing, percentage of DNA damage is also increases due to high level of oxidative stress. To minimize these damages, we need to increase our insights regarding different cryopreservation procedures, cryoprotectant and antioxidant supplements, which can protect sperm membrane during cryopreservation. Therefore, by using these experiments, we can improve the efficiency of these procedures. In this review, we discuss about principles of cryopreservation, types of freeze-thawing methods, advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods, effects of freezing on sperm parameters and clinical outcomes, and finally role of antioxidants in preservation of sperm integrity during freeze-thawing. For this review, all relevant information was collected via databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar during the period of 1966-2017.
 

Abstract Aim: This investigation was conducted to determine the amount of isolated anthocyanins from seed coats of Phaseolus vulgaris L. under magnetic field treatment and also assess their antiproliferative activity of the extracts.
Material and method: Dry and soaked red bean seeds were subjected to different electromagnetic field treatments in four group. The seeds of groups 1(dry) and 2 (soaked) were treated for 45 min., while in groups 3 and 4 the dry and soaked seeds treated two times with 120 min. interval with electromagnetic field.   Then, they were cultured and grown, and their produced seeds were collected. Seed coats from these beans were separated and coat extract was prepared. Two groups of anthocyanins, cyanidin and pelargonidin, were identified and measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antiproliferative activity of the extract was determined by MTT assay against ovarian cancer cells (CP2780A).
Results: The bean coats of the control and the treated plants contain a high content of cyanidin and pelargonidin. Among the extracts, the samples of group 1 had the highest amount of cyanidin, while seeds of group 2 had the highest amount of pelargonidin. The results of the antiproliferative activity revealed that the methanol extract of the treated red beans under 4 mT were highly antiproliferative activity of the cell (78.74 to 84.44 %). Moreover, the seeds of group 2 showed the highest antiproliferative activity (IC₅₀: 72.63 ± 2.2).
Conclusion: The electromagnetic field treatment is the most effective in increasing the amounts of anthocyanins in red beans, and that the red bean coat can be used as a natural source of nutrition and drug supplement with antiproliferative properties.

Abstract Aim: Thymus transcaucasicus blongs to the family Lamiaceae. With respect to the importance of plant developmental stages in the expanding knowledge of biology, for this research Thymus transcaucasicus which has nutritional, medicinal and economical value was chosen.
Material and method: The flowers and buds in different developmental stages were collected from their natural habitats in Abali and Roodbar, fixed in FAA, stored in ethanol 70, embedded in paraffin wax and sliced with a microtom. Staining was carried out with Hematoxylin and Eosine. Microscopic study of pollens was carried out using asetolys, in order to investigate the pollen surface ornamentation we used scanning electronic microscope (SEM), and to compare the pollen proteins from Abali and Roodbar, electrophoresis and Bradford techniques were applied.
Results: Anther was having four sacs and its wall was made of four layers including: epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum layer. Tapetum was in secretive form. The pollen at the time of pollination had three nucleus and six colpus with reticulate Exin ornaments. The total amount of protein in Thymus transcaucasicus pollen collected from the Abali area was much more than protein extracted from pollen collected from Roodbar area.
Conclusion: Due to the results of this study, in the Thymus transcaucasicus anther wall with four layers and secretive tapetum was observed. The present research is the first study on development and protein content of Thymus transcaucasicu pollen.

Abstract Aim: Vitamin D has an important role in treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome which may enhance the benefits of sportive training. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic training with and without vitamin D supplementation on metabolic syndrome parameters in sedentary women.
Material and Methods:In this semi-experimental study with pretest–post designs, thirty obese middle-age women (aged 44.25±5.4 y) were randomly assigned to aerobic training only (RG), vitamin D supplementation (50000IU/w) plus aerobic training (VR) and control (non-exercising=CG) groups. Aerobic training program was performed 50-60 min/d, 3d/wk, for 2 months. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, body composition and metabolic parameters were assessed before and after the training period.
Results: Vitamin D supplementation increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels significantly (p < /em><0.05). Aerobic training caused significant improvement in body weight, waist circumference, HDL-cholesterol, blood glucose and insulin resistance index (p < /em><0.05). Vitamin D supplementation in conjunction with aerobic training lead to greater improvement in adiposity indices, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood glucose and insulin resistance index (p < /em><0.05).
Conclusion: These results suggest that aerobic training is a safe and effective for improving cardiometabolic health in middle-age women. Also vitamin D combination can enhance some of the beneficial effects of training over a two-month period.

Abstract Aim: The first location of cold stress effect on PSII in plants and algae is not fully clear. Therefore, the effect of low temperature (8°C) on the activity of different parts of PSII were investigated in D. salina as plant model system is investigated using chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics.
Material and methods: In this study unicellular green alga, D. salina, 200 UTEX strain was used. The Algae were cultured in the medium containing 1M of NaCl at 8°C or 25°C in triplicates. Then the parameters of Chl-a fluorescence was measured in various interval after cold stress.
Result: The results showed that at temperatures 8°C, the rate of parameters FV/Fo, φPo, ψo, φEo, φRo and PIABS in the species D.salina were decreased in comparison with the control (25°C). Whereas, the rate of parameters φDo and ABS/RC were decreased.
Conclusion: According to the results, decreasing of efficiency of water-splitting complex under low temperature stress probably has a significant effect on electron transport to the PSII electrons acceptors and creates imbalance in activity of PSII electron transport chain. The effect of cold stress on water-splitting complex, in turn, seems to decrease the rate of electron transport to Pheophytin and QA and from QA to QB, plastoquinone pool and finally reduction of end acceptor at photosystem I electron acceptor side. It could be finalized that the water-splitting complex is the first site that is affected by cold stress in PSII of D.salina cells.
 
 

Abstract Aim: The histological events in experimental studies of interaction between blastema tissue and decellularized bladder of New Zealand rabbit invitro was the aim of this investigation.
Material and methods: In order to decellularization of  rabbit’s bladder, in physical way, the pieces of bladder tissue were frozen at -4°c for 24 hours, and kept in liquid nitrogen. In chemical Method, the bladder in 1% wt/vol solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for 24 hours to decellularization was kept. For blastema tissue preparation with the help of a special punch, New Zealand rabbit ear (pinna) was pierced, after 72 hours with the help of another puncher, a circular blastema from the edge of holes was separated and the decellularized samples were kept in to the middle of the blastema ring  and then, transfered to the culture media in a sterile condition. The samples with hematoxylin & eosin, pick indigo and pickrofushin (van gaison) were stained.
Results: In this study, the studies of light microscopy showed that, colonial cells that connected together were perfectly migrated inside the scaffold on the day 15. On the same day, the blastema cells were differentiated to epithelial demensional matrix cells and bladder transitional epithelium created in the center of scaffold. Angiogenesis was observed in scaffold on the next days.
Conclusion: It appears, the decellularized bladder of New-Zealand rabbit as a bio-scaffold is capable to provide a proper environment, induce blastema cells to migrate into the scaffold and create connections between blastema cells and differentiation.
 

Abstract Aim: Electromagnetic field (EMF) is an unavoidable environmental factor for living beings which many investigations have been conducted to evaluate its effect. In this research the effects of EMF on vegetative organs, pollen development, pollen germination and pollen tube growth of Glycine max L. were studied.
Materials and Methods: Exposure to EMF was performed by a locally designed generator which its electrical power was provided by a 220 V and 0.1 A, AC power supply .This system consist of a PVC cylinder  with 20 × 20 cm (diameter and length) and   300 turn coil of copper wire. The structure of vegetative parts and reproductive organs was studied using common methods of cell – histology.
Results: In the stem of treated samples collenchymas layers were increased and formation of xylem tissues was more rapid. In the leaves, spongy parenchyma tissue was deformed and numbers of trichomes were increased, in addition leaves and shoot development were delayed and the size of anthers was also decreased with the deformation of their cell wall. The numbers of pollen and tetraspore, decreased and they were also abnormal in shape. Under EMF treatment, the germination percentage of pollen was decreased and pollen tubes were helicoidal and short.
Conclusions: Low intensity electromagnetic field may have effects on the structure of some organs and developmental characteristic of them in Glycine max L.

Abstract Aim: In the current study, the effect of growth regulators, type and composition of the culture medium, genotypes of the used cultivars and type of explants were investigated on the ability of callusing and regeneration of wheat cultivars.
Material and methods: two culture media (N6, MS), three immature embryos, mature embryos and leaf cuttings were used. N6 medium containing growth regulator 2, 4-D was used for callusing of embryo and the leaf pieces, but for regeneration N6 medium containing growth regulators NAA, BAP and Kin was used. For calligraphy and regeneration of immature embryos, MS medium containing a variety of growth regulators were used.
Results: Callus induction and regeneration differed based on the genotype, type of explants and media composition. Chamran variety had the highest rate of callus and regeneration from immature embryo. For the adult embryo, the highest level of calligenesis and regeneration related to the C-D-9 line. In the case of leaf parts, the highest level of callus related to the C-D-9 at the level of 2, 4-D (2.4mg/L). The highest percentage of shoots belonged to the C-D-9 line that was obtained in N6 medium (6) containing IAA (1mg/L) + BA (1mg/L).
Conclusion: Response to tissue culture in wheat is affected by several factors such as genotype, type of explants, growth regulators. Results proved that the type and concentration of used growth regulators in the culture medium differ among cultivars for callus induction and wheat regeneration. The most important factor affecting wheat cultivation was immature embryo explant and the genotype type of the used cultivar.
 

Abstract Aim: Regarding the role of vitamin B12 in regulating the immune reactions, this compouned is used in the present study as an accessory agent with the honey bee venom for reduction of inflammation. This study has been down for checking effects of bee venom and B12 on inflammation and gliosis in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis rats.
Material and Methods: The guinea pig spinal cord homogenate (GPSCH) along with the Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA), was used for induction EAE in Lewis rats for creating a model of MS.EAE was induced in 40 rats, randomly divided to four groups and treated with honey bee venom and vitamin B12. The treatment started from the first day post immunization by GPSCH-CFA and continued for ten days. Immunohistochemical method used for study glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP) and ELISA was used for assessment serum TNF-α.
Results:. Our data showed that treatment with the honey bee venom and vitamin B12 decreased the disorders of clinical scores, serum TNF-α and level gliosis in Lewis rats induced by GPSCH-CFA.
 Conclusion: Combination of honey bee venom and B12 has anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting generation of autoreactive T cells and decreases CNS and gliosis damages.
 

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of secretory factors of human mesenchymal stem cells on gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury in rats.                                                                  
Material and Methods: Firstly, an experiment was designed to achieve a standard animal model. Animals were randomly divided into four groups. One group was considered as control which received no injection. Three other groups were treated with intraperitoneal 100 mg/kg gentamicin for six consecutive days. Then one of the three groups was injucted with conditioned media of human mesenchymal stem cells and other group was injucted with medium without secretory factors intraperitoneally for three consecutive days. Finally, in the third, fifth and eighth days after gentamicin injection, kidney and blood samples from all animals were collected for histological and biochemical analysis.
Result: Results, except in the special case, showed no significant decrease in the amount of blood biomarkers of animals in the group receiving the condition media of human mesenchymal stem cells compared to two another groups. The improvement of tissue damage, however, has been observed in the number of days.                                                                               
Conclusions: These findings suggest that secretory factors of human mesenchymal stem cells have aprotective effect against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity
Keywords:

Abstract Aim: Product of ODC1 gene is key enzyme in polyamines synthesis that in diverse cancers their content increases. In the present study the effects of root extract of licorice on the ODC1gene expression and cell viability of two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and non-cancer cell line (MCF-10A) were evaluated.
Material and Methods: The cell lines were subjected to increasing doses of the extract ranging from 0-200 µg ⁄ml. Cytotoxic effect was assessed using the MTT assay. Expression of ornithine decarboxylase 1 gene was analyzed by Real Time PCR.
Results: In cancerous cell lines mortality increases significantly by a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, a marked decrease observed in the expression of ODC1 gene in cancer cell lines. In comparison of two cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231cell line more affected by licorice root extract. 
Conclusion: The result of our study highlights the potential influences of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract on ODC1 gene expression in breast cancer cells and its relation to inhibition of cancer cell growth.

Abstract Aim: In the current study, effect of various concentrations of tamoxifen on CTNNBIP1 expression gene in the cancer cells derived from MKN-45 cell line of gastric cancer was considered as a therapeutic potential.
Materials and method: The CSCs derived from the MKN-45 cell line were treated with different concentrations of tamoxifen for 48 hours and then cell survival was evaluated by the Trypan Blue test. After obtaining IC50, we examined the effect of 100 µM tamoxifen on the expression of CTNNBIP1 in CSCs as a therapeutic potential.
Results: Analysis of Real-time RT-PCR data showed that 100 μM tamoxifen in a 48-houred treatment can increase the expression of CTNNBIP1 gene.
Conclusions: According to the results, it was concluded that tamoxifen has an inhibitory effect on the Wnt signal pathway and beta-catenin protein by increasing the expression of the CTNNBIP1 gene.
 

Abstract Aim: Reduction in ozone layer diameter as a result of increasing amount of pollutant causes veduced absorbance of sun light UV rays by this layer. Consequently, living organisms, such as plants are damaged. Occurring photochemical changes in plants are some adaptation, defense and confronting reactions against these damages. So, studies of these changes are important in higher plants.
Material and methods: Studing ten cultivation groups seed and field plants consist of control and UV-C treated (totally 1-20 hours) of Coronilla varia L. were prepared in equal soil and cultivation condition. All of ninety-day old plants were used for chlorophyll-metry and flavonoid studies using 2-dimentional paper and thin layer chromatography methods.
Results: Chlorophyllmetric results showed a decrease in chlorophyll content in UV-C treated plants in comparison with the control. Comparising the leaf flavonoids showed that the number and kind of leaf flavonoid changes in UV-C treated plants in comparison with the control. These changes include Loteulin and Vitexin in treated plants and absence of them in control, Kaempferol presence in the treated field plants and absence of them in the others, Chrysin in the control and absence of them in the treated plants and the disappearing of Apeginin, Isorhamnetin, Rhamnetin, Narengenin, Myricetin and Quercetin in treated field samples.
Conclusion: It is believed that phytochemical changes consisting of flavonoids kind and number varieties are defensive reactions of plant against physiological stresses such as UV-C.
 

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was the evaluation of possible genetic and protein pattern changes of callus and of Artemisia plant. Material and Methods: In this study, 2 weeks old shoot buds and shoots grown in MS medium were exposed to gamma radiation with 50,100 and 200 Gy. Then five RAPD_PCR primers, five ISSR-PCR primers for evaluation of somaclonal variation and SDS-PAGE for electrophoresis pattern of proteins in callus of Artemisia plants were studies. Results: Results showed that the evaluation of DNA bands amplified in the callus and plant samples treated with gamma ray compared to the untreated samples using OPA20 in plant and FPK105 and (GATA)4 in callus in PCR products was obvious but no difference was observed using other primers.  In electrophoresis of protein of plant increasing of protein bands due to application of 50 and 200 Gy were observed. Conclusion: Due to the possible effects by free radicals and reactive oxygen species produced by gamma radiation caused changes in genetic and gene expression.

Abstract Aim: Milk thistle (Silybum marianumL.), belonging to Asteraceae as an Iranian native-landscape plant, has a well-known position in traditional medicine. But, its seeds are dormant. The current study investigated the most efficient hormonal treatment to break the species dormancy.
Material and Methods: The seeds were treated using gibberellic acid, kinetin and auxin (100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm) –and 24-epibrassinolid (0.5 and 1 ppm) for 24 and 48 h. Also, a combined treatment of gibberellic acid (500 ppm) and pre-chilling (for 5, 10 and 15 d) was accomplished.
Results: All treatments significantly increased seed germination in milk thistle; though the most effective treatment was gibberellic acid (500 ppm) which caused 70% increasing in seed germination. Kinetin and auxin (100 ppm) and 24-epibrassinolid (0.5 ppm), in 24 h respectively increased seed germination about, 40%, 38% and 60%. Also combination of gibberellic acid (500 ppm) and chilling (5d) treatment increased seed germinating 60%.
Conclusion: Results showed gibberellic acid (500 ppm) is the best treatment for breaking of Silybum marianum seed dormancy.
 

Abstract Aim: The present study aims to investigate if artesunate exerts its anti-proliferative activity by increasing antioxidant enzymes activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. Determining the oxidant effect of artesunate may elucidate a possible alternative mechanism for its cytotoxicity. Material and methods: For evaluating cytotoxic activity of artesunate, MCF-7 cells were treated with different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200 μg/ml) of artesunate and subjected to MTT assay after 24 hours. Also, the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) were measured in MCF-7 cells treated with selected doses of artesunate (0, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml) after 24h. In addition, the cell culture supernatants were used to assess the amount of nitric oxide (NO) production using the Griess method. Results: Artesunate inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells, dose-dependently and also significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD). Furthermore, it suppressed NO production, dose-dependently. Conclusion: To conclude, it seems that artesunate exert its cytotoxic activity by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and through inhibition of NO production in MCF-7 cells. The increased activities of antioxidant enzymes in the treated cells could alter the antioxidant defense system, potentially contributing towards the anti-proliferative effect.

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was purification of magnetosomes of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense and investigation cytotoxicity effect of the purified particles of this bacterium on the breast cancer cell lines.
Material and Methods: In this study, the standard strain of bacteria was cultured on DSMZ broth at temperature of 28°C for seven to ten days and incubated under the microaeraphilic conditions. To ensure phenotype tests, the PCR reactions were performed using specific primers (MT1166), associated with scanning electron microscope imaging. The influence of purified magnetosome from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense in various concentrations was investigated on the breast cancer cell lines. Kruskalwalis test was performed for statistical analysis.
Results: Gram staining results showed that the bacterium was gram negative spirillum. Electronic micrographs indicated that the magnetosome of this bacterium was 60 nanometer in size. Purified magnetosome from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense did not show considerable cytotoxic properties on the breast cancer cell lines. The percentage of living cells against magnetosomes purified from the bacterium Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense was 85% (p=0.04).
Conclusion: Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense magnetosomes killed 15% of the cancer cells. The size and structure of magnetosomes of Magnetotactic bacteria are great importance in the elimination of the breast cancer cells.
 

Abstract Aim: Nicotiana tabacum contains nicotine, Which is used in cigarettes causing many health problems. Application of new technologies such as, plant tissue culture, genetic engineering in order to block the pathway of nicotin biosynthesis, and somaclinal variation  can be used as tools to produce plants with a lower level of nicotin. The aim of this research is to evaluate nicotine changes in tobacco plants mutated by T-DNA.
Material and methods: In this research transgenic plants including K4 carrying T DNA, plants carring Ri TDNA and regenerated plants from leaf and wild type plants (mother plants) were grown on MS medium containing canamycin. Leaves were harvested and dried, and extracted with hexan as internal standard. Then analysed using TLC and GC.
Results: The analysis of the extracts showed that nicotine content decreased in line k4 (containing T-DNA) and increased in Ri-TDNA (plant containing Ri-TDNA) and regenerated plants compared to non mutated plants.
Conclusion: Variation of nicotine content in mutated plants might be related to the activation or inhibition of the key enzymes involved in nicotin biosynthesis pathway.
 

Abstract Aim: In this study, the effect of salt stress on PSII of Dunaliella bardawil as a photosynthesis species model was invesigated to determines more effects of this stress and appropriate solutions to salt stress.
Material and methods: In this study, OJIP-test method was used for analyzing of chlorophyll a fluorescence under stress. Different concentrations of NaCl, 1 to 2 M and 1 to 3 M, were applied at light and dark conditions.
Results: The results showed in both light and dark regimes, the rate of Fv/Fo, Φ_Po, ψ_o , Φ_Eo, Φ_Ro and PI_ABS were reduced by salt stress of 1 to 3 M NaCl at primary hours after salt stress while Φ _Do was increased. After first hours, the efficiency of PSII did not increased in dark regime unlike the samples in light condition.
Conclusion: According to the results, salt stress led to reduction of water-splitting complex activity and the function of other electron acceptor in PSII. The rate of electron transport to pheophytin, Q_A, Q_B and the other electron acceptors is also reduced. Hence it could be finalized that water-splitting complex is the first site damaged by salt stress. On the other hand, studying on salt stress under light and dark regimes showed that light accompanied by the other mechanisms such as photosynthesis and chlorophyll production increase the efficiency of algae system and recover to the condition before stress.
 
 
 

Abstract Aim: Diabetes as a metabolic disorder affects different tissues and organs, among them the female reproductive tract such as uterus may be a vulnerable organ. This study was undertaken to study the effects of hyperglycemia and insulin therapy on uterus structure, estrous cycle and serum levels of pituitary and ovarian hormones in Wistar rats.
Material  and methods: Twenty-four female Wistar rats (180-200g) were randomly divided in: control, sham (Citrate buffer i.p), hyperglycemic (Streptozotocin; 60 mg/kg, i.p) and hyperglycemic+insulin (insulin 20 IU/Kg/day; s.c). At the end of experiment (36 Days) and in diestrus stage, all rats were weighted and blood samples were collected. Thereafter, their right uterus horn was taken out, weighted and then the middle third part of uterine horn was sampled and fixed (Bouein). After histological preparation, the histological and histomorphometrical examination of uterus was performed.
Results: Although in comparison with control and hyperglycemic+insulin groups, in hyperglycemic rats body weight, uterus weight and volume, endometrium and myometrium volume were dramatically decreased (p < 0.001) and the serum level of progesterone significantly increased (p < 0.001), vascular dilation and infiltrating cells resembling plasma cell was also observed. No significant difference was seen between control and insulin treated group for the above parameters.
Conclusion: Insulin deficiency, oxidative stress and alteration in the HPG axis which occurs in hyperglycemic condition, may affect the uterus structure. The observed structural changes might well play a significant role in the reproductive difficulties observed during hyperglycemia