Cell and Tissue Journal

Abstract Aim: This study examined the effects of vitamin A Chromosomal damage induced by the inhibition of cell phone radiation on the bone marrow erythrocytes on mice.
Material and methods: In this experimental study 48 male rats BALB/c were dividedrandomly into four groups: control, laboratory sample1, 2and the empirical distribution, the control mice were kept in natural condition, samples were first for four consecutive days and every day for three hours (12-9) in vitro and cell phone signals within the passive mode (OFF), were studied The mice in laboratory sample 2 were exposed to mobile phones in vitro within three hours (12-9) for four days and the samples of  experimental group were injected with15,000 Iu/kg vitamin A intraperitoneally for five consecutive days and on the second day they were exposed to mobile phone inactive mode (ON)for four consecutive days and every day for three hours (12-9). All different groups of mice were described and micronucleus test of polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow of mice was performed. Quantitative data obtained with software Spss and were analyzed by ANOVA test            (p <0.05).
Results: The frequency of micronucleus in polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow of experimental mice (25/23) compared with controls (68/34), group 1 (88/35) and control 2 (55/45) showed a significant reduction said. The group 2 compared with control groups has shown significant increase in the number of micronucleus.
Conclusion: Vitamin A reduces the in duction of chromosome damageinduced by waves in the mobile mouse bone marrow polychromatic cerythrocytes of adult male BALB/c.
 

Abstract < p >Aim: The aim of this research is evaluation of auxin changes in plant regenerated from tobacco root with Ri-TDNA Material and methods: In this research leaf segments of tobacco were transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Transformed hairy root was selected by their ability to grow on medium containing Kanamycin. For confirmation of transformation x-gluc substrate was used. From transformed roots at first callus and then plant was regenerated. Finally auxin content from roots and leaves of regenerated plants were measured. Results: Blue color of roots confirmed the successful transformation of samples. Results showed that auxin content in transgenic plants compare to control was increased 80-90 %. Transgenic plants showed shorted internodes and smaller leaf area than non transgenic plants. Conclusion: Regenerated plants from transgenic roots showed higher level of auxin content than non transgenic plants. Change of auxin content and its interaction with gibberellic acid possibly resulted in shorter length of transgenic plants.      

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of calcium chelators on apoptosis of motor neurons in adult spinal cord slices.
Materials and Methods: The thoracic region of adult mouse spinal cord was sliced by a tissue chopper into 400 µm sections and divided into four groups: 1- freshly dissected slices (0 hour), 2- control slices, 3- slices treated by ethylene deamin tetra acetic acid (EDTA) and 4- slices treated by ethylene glycol tetra acetic acid (EGTA). The control and treated slices were incubated in a culture medium for 6 hours. MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay was used to evaluate the viability of the slices. To study motor neurons morphology, propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342 were used. Data were analyzed using one- way ANOVA and Tukey test, and means difference was considered significant at p < 0.05.
Results: Motor neurons from slices cultured for 6 hours displayed morphological features of apoptosis. The application of calcium chelators (EDTA and EGTA) not only increased the viability of the cultured slices, but also inhibited apoptosis in the motor neurons and increased the percentage of viable motor neurons.
Conclusion: It could be concluded that apoptosis in motor neurons of cultured spinal cord slices might be due to increased level of intracellular calcium.
 
 

Abstract Aim: Previous studies have shown that thyroid hormones are necessary for normal development of many tissues in the human body. So In this investigation, the effect of maternal hypothyroidism on neonatal skin development was studied using immunohistochemistry technique. Material and methods:  Rats were divided in 4 groups hypothyroid, hyperthyroid, hypothyroid treated with thyroxin and control, each group containing 10 rats. 14 days before mating, hypothyroid, hyperthyroid and hypothyroid treated with thyroxin groups, were respectively exposed to Propylthiouracil (PTU) (50 mg/lit), levothyroxin 1 mg/lit and both PTU (50 mg/lit) and levothyroxin  (1 mg/lit) simultaneously. After 14 days, blood test was taken from mothers and in the case of desired changes in hormone levels, rats were allowed to mate. After pregnancy and delivery, the dorsal skins of the 10 days old newborns were used for immunohistochemical studies. Results: in this study, in most area of skin, significant increase of laminin expression in hypothyroid groups (p=0.002) and significant decrease of laminin expression in hyperthyroid groups (p=0.007) were observed. Also in treated hypothyroid with thyroxin rather than control group no significant difference was observed. Conclusion: Maternal hypothyroidism causes considerable changes in the expression of laminin in different areas of skin. While maternal hyperthyroidism causes opposite results in laminin expression. In fact, thyroid hormone causes negative regulation of laminin expression. There fore, rising of thyroid hormone levels leads to a decrease in laminin expression and overhand. So,changes in thyroid hormones level can cause various changes in different areas of newborns skin.  

Abstract Aim: Plant-microbe interactions are considered to be important processes determining the efficiency of phytoremediation of petroleum pollution. The use of legume-Rhizobium is a suitable method for modification of petroleum-contaminated soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of Acacia– Rhizobium symbiosis in petroleum-polluted soil. Material and methods: The three-day acacia-seedlings were transferred to hydroponic medium and inoculated with rhizobium. Then, the 13-days seedlings transferred to polluted soil with different concentration of crude oil, that is; 0% as control and 1-5% (vol. /Wight), at the start and end of the 90-days period. Soil samples were analyzed for hydrocarbon removal (total hydrocarbon, n-tridecan, n-tetradecan and n-pantadecan) by GC-FID. Contents of Pb, Zn and Cd were measured with atomic absorption from soil and plant roots. The data were statistically analyzed with the help of SPSS11 and Duncan ‘test. Results: The results showed accumulation of heavy metal in plant roots and it’s reducing in soil. Hydrocarbon reduction was found over the course of the experiment in all treatments. The maximum removal was obtained in plants inoculated with rhizobium at 4% treatment, in which inoculated-acacia removed 97-100% of the hydrocarbons from soil. There fore inoculation Rubinia  pseudoacacia with Rhizobia are effective in removing TPHs and heavy metals from petroleum polluted soil. Conclusion: Based upon these results, Rubinia pseudoacacia L. inoculated with rhizobium can be used as lead and cadmium bioaccumulator in petroleum pollution and was selected for the phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil.  

Abstract Aim: In this study the effect of AlCl₃ toxicity on apoptosis in cells suspension of two rice cultivars Khazar, Tarom were investigated.
Material and Methods: In present research cells suspension of two rice cultivars (Khazar and Tarom) grew up in liquid Murashig and Skoog medium within a period of 3 weeks. Then cells were treated with different concentrations (0, 40, 80 and 120 µmolL^-1) of AlCl₃ for 56 hours. Biochemical changes of DNA by gel electrophoresis and TUNEL test and morphological changes by Hoechst and propidium iodide (PI) staining were investigated.  
Results: Results of gel electrophoresis and TUNEL test showed DNA damage in these cultivars. Results of Hoechst and PI dying also showed morphological changes such as: condensation of nucleus, membrane damage and shrinkage of cytoplasm.
Conclusion: AlCl₃ induced nuclear DNA damage and also morphological change in two cultivars of rice especially Tarom by increasing concentration after 56 hours of treats.
 

Abstract Aim: Our aim in this study was to analyze and quantify mRNA expression of SALL4 in mesencephalon, during different stages of chicken embryogenesis. Material and methods: In this experimental study, incubated Ross fertilized eggs were applied in 37°C-37.5°C in 60-65% humidified atmosphere after beginning of embryogenesis. Mesencephalon part of the brain tissue was collected from the eggs, daily. Total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis was performed from resected tissues. The synthesized cDNA was used as template for quantitatively analysis of SALL4 mRNA expression by real-time PCR. Results: The Real-time PCR analysis of SALL4 mRNA expression in mesencephalon tissues indicated that the level of gene expression is significantly variable during embryogenesis. While the basal level of SALL4 mRNA expression was detected during the rest of embryogenesis, the maximum copy number of SALL4 mRNA was quantified on 19th day of chicken development. Conclusion: Having analyzed the level of SALL4 mRNA expression in different stages of chicken embryogenesis, we can extrapolate that a probable relationship may be existed between expression of SALL4 in nerve centers of mesencephalon brain and development of optic organs. Keywords:

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to generate recombinant lentiviruses carrying Nurr1 to express it in human cells. Material and methods: The IRES-EGFP fragment was isolated from the pIRES2-EGFP vector using restriction enzymes BglII/NotI and made blunt-ended using Klenow. The transfer vector PNL-EGFP/CMV/WPREdU3 was digested with NheI/XhoI and made blunt-ended. Finally, the isolated IRES-EGFP fragment was inserted into this lentivirus vector to generate lentivirus construct (I). The human Nurr1 gene was then isolated from the PCMX-NOT vector using BamHI and XhoI and inserted into construct (I) pre-digested with BamHI and SalI. At this step lentivirus construct (II) as our final transfer construct was generated. In order to generate recombinant lentiviruses, we then transfected the HEK-293T cell line with transfer vector plus packaging and envelope vectors. Cell medium full of virus particles was collected and passed through Amicon filters to produce a concentrated virus stock. The stock was ultimately used for transduction of fresh HEK-293T cells. EGFP expression was shown under fluorescent microscope and Nurr1 expression was analyzed using RT-PCR. Results: Enzymatic tests confirmed the correct cloning of the hNurr1gene into the lentivirus backbone. Observation by fluorescent microscopy showed EGFP expression post-transfection and post-transduction. RT-PCR demonstrated Nurr1 expression at both stages. Conclusion: In this study, lentiviruses carrying the human Nurr1 gene were produced and used for transduction of human cell line HEK-293T. The transduced cells successfully expressed the Nurr1 gene.

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was investigation of Follistatin gene over-expression effects on cell cycle, myogenic and growth factor genes expression of ovine primary myoblast (OPM) cells in lab that was done using AAV serotype 2 virus (rAAV2) carrying Follistatin (FST).
Material and Methods: Obtained primary myoblasts cells from 60-day-old sheep fetuses were cultured in the growth and differentiation media. The optical density at 450 nm was measured as an indicator of proliferation in transfected cells with AAV serotype 2 (rAAV2) carrying Follistatin. Finally, Myogenic, Myo D, CDK2, Myf5, p57 and p21 genes expressions were measured using Real-Time qPCR.
Results: The optical density (at 450 nm) was significantly increased in virus infected cells that shows Follistatin can increase proliferation. Follistatin proliferation significantly increased the expression of Akt1 and CDK2 genes and decreased the p21 expression gene under proliferation conditions. Real-Time results showed that the expression of myoincin, Myo D, Myf5, p57 and p21 genes increased under conditions of differentiation with Folistatin elevation.
Conclusions: The results showed that proliferation of Follistatin increased the myoblast cells proliferation by p21 gene expressing and increasing the differentiation of myoblast cells by increasing the myogenic genes expression.
                                                                                                   

Abstract Aim: The current research was done to investigate the sperm plasma membrane integrity, oxidative stress factors of sperm and testis in male mice treated with cadmium.
Material and Methods: 24 adult NMRI mice were divided into four groups: 1. Control group 2.  Treated with cadmium chloride (5 mg/kg) 3. Treated with Curcumin (100 mg/kg) 4. Treated with curcumin + cadmium chloride. The treatments were performed as a single dose and after 24 hours, epididymal spermatozoa of different groups were used to evaluate the plasma membrane integrity. In addition, the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the anti-oxidant activity of serum and testis were evaluated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test followed by Turkey’s test (p < 0.05).
Results: findings showed that cadmium chloride caused a significant decrement in plasma membrane integrity compared to the control groups. In addition, cadmium chloride induced a significant increment of MDA in serum and testis and a significant decrement in total antioxidant activity of serum and testis as compared to the group. In curcumin + cadmium chloride- treated group, curcumin could significantly compensate the toxic effect of cadmium on these parameters compared to the cadmium-treated group.
Conclusion: it seems thatcurcumin as a potent antioxidant is able to ameliorate the adverse effects of cadmium chloride on sperm plasma membrane integrity, lipid oxidation and total antioxidant activity of serum and testis.
 

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the gene expression changes and their effects on protein networks, transcription factors prediction, cellular pathways and small RNAs in the transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (Tau and Amyloid beta).
Material and Methods: The results of the brain tissue microarray data from two models of Alzheimer’s disease were analyzed in GEO database. Protein networks prediction performed using String database and analyzed by Cytoscape software. The changed genes were used for prediction of transcription factors (TFs) and cellular pathways via Enrichr web service. Moreover, the ToppGene portal was used for prediction of the role of small RNAs involved in these models.
Results:Analysis of protein networks have showed that the CTSS gene (encode Cathepsin S), a lysosomal cysteine protease, was the key gene and the main inter-network linker in the both models. Also, the data from evaluation of TFs resulting to introduce of IRF8 genes (encode Interferon Regulatory Factor 8) and NFE2L2 (encode Nuclear Factor, Erythroid 2 Like 2) that are involved in the immune system and oxidative stress respectively. On the other hand, we have shown that let-7 small RNA, which is involved in the immune system, could act as a major regulator in these gene pathways.
Conclusions: The immune system has a critical role in the both models of Alzheimer’s disease and seems that the control of the immune-related genes (IRF8 and let-7) activity besides decrease of oxidative stress (CTSS and NFE2L2) in both models is a plausible therapeutic target.
 

Abstract -
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of quercetin on myocardial tissue damage in male Wistar rats during malathion poisoning.
Material and Methods: This study was performed on seven groups of six male rats. After 24 hours of intraperitoneal injection of quercetin, Malathion or a combination of these drugs, the heart of the animals was separated, and tissue slice was prepared. After tissue homogenization, oxidative stress parameters were measured in this area.
Results: Intraperitoneal injection of 200­ mg/kg of malathion significantly induced lipid peroxidation (p < 0.01) and oxidative stress (p < 0.001) as well as necrosis and inflammation in myocardial tissue. However, intra-peritoneal injection of quercetin (50­mg/kg) reduced malathion-induced toxicity on lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001), oxidative stress (p < 0.05), as well as inflammation and myocardial tissue damage.
Conclusion: The results suggest that quercetin is able to improve myocardial tissue damage and restore the rate of oxidative stress in malathion-treated groups to normal levels.
  

Abstract Due to the wide spread utility of the cell phones in the world, grate concerns exist about the possible effects of its radiation on the well being of the living creatures. Based on the results of many studies, microwave radiation of mobile phones caused different derastic effects such as chromosome damage, single and double-stranded DNA breakage, increas the risk of mutation and variaty of cancers in the animals. Some researchers believe that the electromagnetic waves of mobile phones solely do not cause genetic damage, but it increases the genotoxic effect of other physical and chemical agents as well as environmental pollutants. In this paper, adversed effects of the radiation from mobile phones on human and different animals such as mice, rat and guinea pig have been investigated.
 

Abstract Aim: In order to study the efficiency of the tuber specific promoter (Patatin1), the expression of the HBsAg antigen of the hepatitis B vaccine was evaluated using a transient expression method (AgroInfiltration) in the tubers and leaves of potato plants.
Material and Methods: A tuber specific promoter (Pat1) was isolated from the potato plant using a specific primer pairs by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). It was cloned in the upstream of a synthetic optimized codon of the HBsAg gene in the binary plant vector pBI121. In order to compare the tissue specificity of Pat1, the HBsAg gene also was used under the control of a consultative CaMV35S promoter. The genetic constructs were transferred to the tubers and leaves of potato plants using the Agroinfiltration method. An HBsAg antigen content was measured using ELISA method.
Results: The level of HBsAg antigens in the leaves and tubers of potato plants indicated that Pat1 promoter specifically induced HBsAg high expression in the tuber tissues. Very low expression by the Pat1 promoter in the leaf tissues has been also reported and can be partly dependent on the presence of inducing factors in the inoculation media. However, the expression of HBsAg antigen occurs in both leaf and tuber tissues under the consultative promoter CaMV35S.  The results showed that the codon optimized HBsAg gene for potato plant was expressed properly in plant tissues.
Conclusion:  findings indicate that potato tuber specific promoter Pat1 can be used effectively to express the synthetic optimized HBsAg antigen in the transgenic potato plants.
 
 

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the morphological and biochemical character of mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts in vitro. 
Material and Methods: After extraction of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and culturing them till the 3^rd passage, these cells were cultured in media containing beta-glycerol phosphate, dexamethasone and ascorbic acid for 21 days. Then morphology of the mesenchymal cells and differentiated one were investigated using Hoechst and acridine orange. In addition the level of matrix deposition, level of calcium, activity of alkaline phosphatase in mesenchymal cells and differentiated on as well as metabolic activity of osteoblasts with the help of MTT was determined.
Results: Morphological study showed delocalization of nuclei and roundness of cytoplasm in differentiated cells as compared to mesenchymal stem cells. In addition mineralization of the matrix started from the 10^th day and reached the maximum level at the 21^st day. Also from the day 10 the level of calcium increased significantly (p < 0.05) but activity of alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in differentiated cells. Where as during the differentiation process the metabolic activity of the cells increased significantly (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: In addition to morphological differences, calcium content, alkaline phosphatase activity and metabolic activity of the mesenchymal cells and osteoblasts also differs. Therefore in addition to alizarin red staining these factors also can be used to investigate the differentiation processes in vitro.
 
 

Abstract Aim: In this study, the effect of silence on the expression of the key gene expression of DBOX (which encodes the final enzyme for the synthesis of two alkaloids, Sanguinarin and papaverin) was used by VIGS technique in a species of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.).
Material and methods: A fragment of 350 pairs of alkali from the DBOX gene sequence (within the range of 1112-1462bp) was selected based on the highest number of siRNA production with 21 nucleotides length. After cloning this segment into the pTZ57R/T vector and transferring the vector to pTRV2 viral vector, Agrobacterium inoculation liquid containing silencer was injected into the poppy plants leaves. Primary transgenic plants were selected by PCR reaction using a protein-binding protein coding gene primer (CP) and secondary screening was performed by semi-quantitative PCR technique. In the next step, the samples with the maximum silence (lowest expression) of the gene were examined by real-time RT-PCR technique.
Results: Cloning accuracy in pTZ57R/T and pTRV2 plasmids were confirmed using PCR and enzymatic digestion. Based on the results of semi-quantitative PCR, 5 transgenic plants were selected with the lowest expression for DBOX gene. Based on semi-quantitative PCR results, 5 transgenic plants with the lowest expression were selected for DBOX gene. The results of real-time RT-PCR showed averagely decrease of 81% in the expression of DBOX gene transcriptions in transgenic plants compared to control plants (inoculated with the pTRV2 empty plasmid).
Conclusion: The results generally showed that the VIGS technique could successfully reduce the DBOX gene expression in poppy plants. In addition, the results obtained for this gene can be used to understand the biosynthetic pathway of poppy alkaloids and transgenic plants for metabolic engineering purposes.
 

Abstract Aim: The aim of this studyishealthy and desirable plants production of two Crataegus species using meristem culture and somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seed preparation that is a biotechnological result.
Material and methods: Strile seeds, vegetative - generative organs pieces and the buds of two Crataegus species (Crataegus pseudoheterophylla and C. microphylla)were cultured on solid MS medium with auxin hormones (IAA, NAA and 2, 4- D), cytokinins (KIN, BAP, Zeatin) and GA₃ under sterile conditions. Samples were capsulated by sodium aglinate and calcium chloride.
Results: Leaves, apical meristems and axillary bud meristems explants were the best for callus production in solid MS medium with some concentration of auxins and cytokinins. Embryoids and especially embryos were almost obtained from leaf explants or sub culturing of embryogenic callus in solid MS medium contains auxins, cytokinins and a little of NaCl. Early autumn and late winter axillary buds were suitable for synthetic seed production. Sodium alginate %3 and calcium chloride %1 were used as a capsule for synthetic seed production. For artificial seed storage 4°C and for germination of these seeds 24 ± 2°C were suitable.
 
Conclusion: There are some difficulties for somatic embryogenesis in two studied Crataegus. Hormones type and dosage are very important and effective on callus, embryoids and embryos production. Buds harvesting time is also important for synthetic seed production. The supplements of buds with MS medium and capsulation those with sodium alginate are favorable.
 

Abstract Aim: This study was done to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Curcuma longa L. rhizome powder and bovine ghee mixture on experimental stomach ulcers in rat.
Material and methods: Stomach ulcer induction was done in 48 food deprived male rats (250-300 gr) using orally Indomethacin (50 mg/kg suspended in 1% carboxymethyl cellulose. Animals divided randomly into five groups. The normal and untreated (Indomethacin) group just received normal saline. The treated groups received different doses of C. longa and bovine ghee (500 and 750 mg C. longa in 10 ml ghee/per kg) for three successive days. On the third day, the rats were killed and their stomachs were removed for histological studies. Stomach ulcers number and length were measured and also ulcer index was calculated.
Results: Results showed that the mixture of C. longa and bovine ghee is significantly caused decreasing gastric ulcer index, inflammatory cells, blood capillaries densities (p < 0.001) and increasing mucosal layer thickness (p < 0.001) and secreted mucus (p < 0.05) in treated groups in comparison with untreated group.
Conclusion: According to the results, the mixture of C. longa and bovine ghee is significantly accelerated healing of experimental stomach ulcers.

Abstract Aim: This study was designed to investigate the use of different levels of soybean lecithin in the Tris extender on semen quality and sex ratio using real-time qPCR technique.
Material and Methods: Sampling of 4 Holstien bulls was performed once a week, then the appropriate samples were mixed. Samples of sperm (in 4 replications) were divided into three groups: zero, one and two percentage soybean lecithin. The qualitative parameters and the sex ratio of the semen were determined. Swim up technique was used to wash the semen and remove the dead cells. Moreover, the PLP and SRY genes were propagated to separate the specific fragments of X- and Y- chromosomes sequences. In this procedure, PAR was used as a housekeeping gene to normalize the gene expression data in real-time qPCR.
Results: The results showed that swim up technique and different levels of soybean lecithin improve the semen quality. In addition, swim up technique significantly reduced PLP gene expression (0.75±0.11), against increased SRY gene expression (1.37±0.13). However, using of different levels of soybean lecithin did not change the sex ratio of the sperms.
Conclusion: In general, soybean lecithin is an appropriate substitute to animal sources and improves the quality of semen. Due to the limitations of using animal resources in bull extenders, the use of soybean lecithin as a plant source is suggested.
 

Abstract  
Aim: Tissue engineering is a new approach to regeneration and repair lost or damaged tissues. The aim of this study is to design and manufacture polycaprolactone (PCL) randomly electrospun nanofiber scaffold for use in regenerative medicine.
Material and Methods: Human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) were isolated (from superficial layer of abdominal fat), cultured (in DMEM/Ham'sF12 medium) and characterized (flow cytometry for CD29, CD73, CD34, CD105 and CD45). Electrospinning was used to produce PCL nanofiber scaffolds, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the binding, penetration and morphology of hADSCs, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was used to determine the toxicity of scaffolds.
Results: Flow cytometry showed extensive expression of the CD29, CD73 and CD105 (positive) and very low expression of the CD34 and CD45 (negative) in hADSCs. The results of MTT assay, showed the viability and proliferation of hADSCs which were seeded on the nanofiber scaffold. Microscopic photographs of SEM, showed hADSCs attached to PCL nanofiber scaffolds and migrating.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that electrospun PCL nanofiber scaffolds are suitable for implantation, binding and propagation of hADSCs.

Abstract Diabetes mellitus type 2 is an importance public health problem affecting more than 285 million people in the world. According to the World Health Organization, about 2 million Iranian people had diabetes in 2000. It is expected that the affected people by diabetes mellitus type 2 will be increased from 2 million people to 6.4 in 2030. Sporting exercises play a critical role in prevention and control of diabetes type 2. Since physical activity has been shown to protect against the diabetes type 2 development, so suitable sporting programs have to incorporated into the clinical care system of high risk people for diabetes type 2. In this paper the pathophysiological pathways of diabetes type 2 is briefly reviewed. Then training therapy benefits effects with more details on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk profile in diabetes type 2 is investigated with recommendations for participation in sporting programs.
 

Abstract Aim: In accordance with the limited studies about effect of coenzyme Q10 ingestion on exercise-induced response of biological indices, this study was conducted to identify the effect of short-term coenzyme Q10 supplementation on serum total creatine kinase (CK), leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and blood lipid profile in inactive men after one bout aerobic exercise.
Material and Methods: Twenty healthy inactive men (aged 22-26 years, 13-16% body fat, and VO_2max 38-42 ml/kg/min) in a randomized and double-blind design were allocated in two equal groups: supplement and placebo groups (intake 2.5 mg/kg/day Coenzyme Q10 or dextrose). After 14-days supplementation, all subjects were participated in an aerobic exercise with 75% VO_2max on the treadmill for 30 minutes. Blood samples obtained before Q10 supplementation along with before and after the exercise protocol. Data were analysed using repeated measure ANOVA, Bonferroni and independent t test (p < /em><0.05).
Results: Results showed that short-term coenzymQ10 supplementation has no significant effect (p < /em><0.05) on all of parameters (except TG and HDL). Aerobic exercise significantly increased CK, aggregation platelets and leukocytes number, whereas caused decreasing serum TG and LDL and triglycerides (p < /em><0.05). Finally, platelet aggregation and leukocytosis in the supplement group were less than placebo group after aerobic exercise (p < /em><0.05).
Conclusion: The present results showed that 14-days coenzyme Q10 supplementation can improved basal blood lipid profile and reduced leukocytosis and thrombocytosis in inactive men induction aerobic exercises.
 

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on HSPA2 expression in testes and sperm parameters in diabetic rats.
Material and Methods: Two-month-old male wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10 in each group): control (C), diabetic (D) and diabetic training (DT). Diabetes was induced with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The DTrats were conditioned to run on a treadmill for the 8-week period. 48 hours after the last session, the testes were removed, and subjected to histological examination, semen analysis and total RNA was isolated from testes to measure by RT-qPCRHSPA2 mRNA expression level. The variance analysis test were applied to analyze the data (p < 0.05).
Results: Findings show that the D group had a decrease in sperm count (P=0.01), motility (P=0.001), as well as increase in abnormal sperm morphology (P=0.001). Furthermore, in the D group, HSPA2 expressionin testicular tissue was significantly reduced (P=0.01). Unlike the D group, in the DT group sperm count (P=0.04) and viability (P=0.02), and HSPA2 expression (P=0.03) were elevated.
Conclusion: In rat testes, diabetes down regulates HSPA2 expression, which is collectively detrimental to semen parameters. Exercise protected effectively against this detrimental effect.
 

Abstract Aim: In this study, the pattern of gene expression (PR1, NCED and SPR2) was considered as informative markers of systemic resistance, and positive beta-amino-butyric acid (BABA) effects was investigated on induction of resistance in Lycopersicon esclentum Mill. 
Material and Methods: L. esclentum (Tomato) cv. Hungarian was selected in the four-leaved stage. For each pot, 70 ml of a 250 mM BABA solution was prepared and sprayed on plant leaves. The treated pots were kept under controlled conditions (16 h light at 30 ° C and 8 h darkness at 25 ° C) for 2 days, before the bacteria were induced. After two days, the bacteria were inoculated. The total RNA from leaves was extracted at 0, 24, 72, and 96 h after inoculation. The cDNA was synthesized and the gene expression pattern was determined by RT-PCR method.
Results: The level of expression of three defense-related genes (PR1, NCED and SPR2) increases as a result of bacterial contamination. However, pre-treatment with BABA resulted in a significant increase of resistance gene expression in response to the challenge of pathogen relative to the control plant and the apparent symptoms of the disease
(As roundish and irregular spots up to brown and black with chlorosis) causing damage to tomatoes.
Conclusion: Pre-treatment of the plant with BABA has enhanced the plant's defense system, and has shown the extreme effect of BABA on plant resistance. As a result, this indictor can be used to control a P. syringae pv. syring in tomatoes
 

Abstract Aim: Investigating the effect of catechin hydrate (CH) and boric acid (BA) on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
material and Methods: MSCs were treated with culture media containing CH, then with the help of trypan blue the viability was investigated at 12, 24 and 36hours. 400 and 3200µM of CH along with 6ng/ml of BA and 36hours were selected for further study. Proliferation based on colony forming assay (CFA) and population doubling number (PDN), morphology, level of sodium, potassium and calcium and activity of LDH,ALP,AST,ALT were analyzed. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant and activity of SOD and CAT were measured too.
Results: only 3200µM at 12hours and from 400 to 6400µM at 24 and 36 hours, the CH caused significant reduction in viability, proliferation, nuclei diameter and cytoplasm area. Treatment with CH caused increase in activity of LDH,ALP,AST,ALT and increased in FRAP as well as reduction of MDA and sodium, potassium level. BA did not show any effect on viability, morphology and PDN but caused reduction of CFA and activity of LDH,AST and ALT. BA also caused elevation of ALP activity and level of calcium, sodium, potassium as well as MDA level and activity of CAT and SOD. Co-treatment compensated the viability, proliferation, morphological changes, metabolic enzyme activity variation and level of electrolyte to some extent. On the other hand, co-treatment showed, CH ameliorated the oxidative stress induced by BA.
Conclusion: since boron ameliorated the CH toxicity, along with tea we may consume dry grapes and dates.